Certification of embedded systems based on Machine Learning: A survey

Nevertheless, the recent advances in machine learning triggered genuine interest, as machine learning offer promising preliminary results and open the way to a wide range of new functions for avionics systems, for instance in the area of autonomous flying. In this paper we investigate on how existing certification and regulation techniques, can (or cannot) handle software development that includes parts obtained by machine learning. Nowadays a large aircraft cockpit offers many avionic complex functions: flight controls, navigation, surveillance, communications, displays... Their design has required a top down iterative approach from aircraft level downward, thus the functions are performed by systems of systems, with each system decomposed into subsystems that may contain a collection of software and hardware items. Therefore, any avionic development considers 3 levels of engineering: (i) Function, (ii) System/Subsystem and (iii) Item. The development process of each engineering level relies on several decades of experience and good practices that keep on being adapted today.