CPT: Consistent Proxy Tuning for Black-box Optimization

Black-box tuning has attracted recent attention due to that the structure or inner parameters of advanced proprietary models are not accessible. Proxy-tuning [1] provides a test-time output adjustment for tuning black-box language models. It applies the difference of the output logits before and after tuning a smaller white-box "proxy" model to improve the black-box model. However, this technique serves only as a decoding-time algorithm, leading to an inconsistency between training and testing which potentially limits overall performance. To address this problem, we introduce Consistent Proxy Tuning (CPT), a simple yet effective black-box tuning method. Different from Proxy-tuning, CPT additionally exploits the frozen large black-box model and another frozen small white-box model, ensuring consistency between training-stage optimization objective and test-time proxies. This consistency benefits Proxy-tuning and enhances model performance. Note that our method focuses solely on logit-level computation, which makes it model-agnostic and applicable to any task involving logit classification. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our CPT in both black-box tuning of Large-Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) across various datasets.