Then we introduce a semantic mapper that produces the proxy masks from various input conditions including semantic masks.

We introduce Dataset Grouper, a library to create large-scale group-structured (e.g., federated) datasets, enabling federated learning simulation at the scale of foundation models. This library facilitates the creation of group-structured versions of existing datasets based on user-specified partitions, and directly leads to a variety of useful heterogeneous datasets that can be plugged into existing software frameworks. Dataset Grouper offers three key advantages. First, it scales to settings where even a single group's dataset is too large to fit in memory. Second, it provides flexibility, both in choosing the base (non-partitioned) dataset and in defining partitions.

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Participants are not allowed to modify the training procedure.

While these advances use different algorithmic techniques, e.g., contrastive learning, diffusion, or auto-regressive modeling, they all rest on a common foundation: large datasets containing paired image-text examples.

We refer to the proposed solution as SA3D, for Segment Anything in 3D. It is only required to provide a manual segmentation prompt ( e.g., rough points) for the target object in a single view, which is used to generate its 2D mask in this view with SAM.

The "black-box" nature of representations, combined with the known susceptibility of networks to learn spurious correlations [