Detection of decision-making manipulation in the pairwise comparisons method

Manipulation of the decision-making process can have serious consequences that can negatively affect individuals [26], society, or organizations [19]. Prejudice, external pressures, bribery, or multiple factors can influence decision-makers, leading to sub-optimal outcomes or harm. In political elections, propaganda, disinformation, or bribery can manipulate voters and influence elections [15], leading to long-term societal consequences. We can take various measures to prevent manipulation and ensure transparency [2] and objectivity in decision-making. For example, the number of decision-makers can be increased to make manipulation more difficult [35], or the decision-making processes may be subject to external oversight (or review) to ensure compliance with ethical and legal standards [16].