Lithium-Ion Battery System Health Monitoring and Fault Analysis from Field Data Using Gaussian Processes

Health monitoring, fault analysis, and detection are critical for the safe and sustainable operation of battery systems. We apply Gaussian process resistance models on lithium iron phosphate battery field data to effectively separate the time-dependent and operating point-dependent resistance. The data set contains 29 battery systems returned to the manufacturer for warranty, each with eight cells in series, totaling 232 cells and 131 million data rows. We develop probabilistic fault detection rules using recursive spatiotemporal Gaussian processes. These processes allow the quick processing of over a million data points, enabling advanced online monitoring and furthering the understanding of battery pack failure in the field. The analysis underlines that often, only a single cell shows abnormal behavior or a knee point, consistent with weakest-link failure for cells connected in series, amplified by local resistive heating. The results further the understanding of how batteries degrade and fail in the field and demonstrate the potential of efficient online monitoring based on data. We open-source the code and publish the large data set upon completion of the review of this article. Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) are essential for Electric Vehicles (EVs), grid storage, mobile applications, and consumer electronics. Over the last 30 years, remarkable advances have led to long-lasting cells with high energy efficiency and density [1]. The growth of production volume over the last decade is projected to continue [2, 3] mainly due to EVs and stationary storage, both needed for the transition to a sustainable future.