ChatGPT Is More Likely to Be Perceived as Male Than Female

The two authors contributed equally to this work. Data, analysis code, and additional materials will be openly available at the project's Open Science Framework page if it is accepted for publication by a journal. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jin Kim (Advanced Institute of Business, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. PERCEIVED GENDER OF CHATGPT 2 Abstract We investigate how people perceive ChatGPT, and, in particular, how they assign human-like attributes such as gender to the chatbot. Across five pre-registered studies (N = 1,552), we find that people are more likely to perceive ChatGPT to be male than female. Specifically, people perceive male gender identity (1) following demonstrations of ChatGPT's core abilities (e.g., providing information or summarizing text), (2) in the absence of such demonstrations, and (3) across different methods of eliciting perceived gender (using various scales and asking to name ChatGPT). Moreover, we find that this seemingly default perception of ChatGPT as male can reverse when ChatGPT's feminine-coded abilities are highlighted (e.g., providing emotional support for a user).