An Ophthalmologist's Guide to Deciphering Studies in Artificial Intelligence

Deep learning, a recently described AI machine learning technique, when applied to image analysis, allows the algorithm to analyze data using multiple processing layers to extract different image features,1x1LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., and Hinton, G. Deep learning. In ophthalmology, many groups have reported exceptional diagnostic performance using deep learning algorithms to detect various ocular conditions based on anterior segment topography (e.g., keratoconus),5x5Hwang, E.S., Perez-Straziota, C.E., Kim, S.W. et al. Distinguishing highly asymmetric keratoconus eyes using combined Scheimpflug and spectral-domain OCT analysis. Development and validation of a deep learning system for diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases using retinal images from multiethnic populations with diabetes. Improved automated detection of diabetic retinopathy on a publicly available dataset through integration of deep learning. Efficacy of a deep learning system for detecting glaucomatous optic neuropathy based on color fundus photographs.