Protecting Autonomous Cars from Phantom Attacks

Early computer vision studies aimed at developing computerized driver intelligence appeared in the mid-1980s when scientists first demonstrated a road-following robot.36 Studies performed from the mid-1980s until 2000 established the fundamentals for automated driver intelligence in related tasks, including detection of pedestrians,39 lanes,3 and road signs.9 However, the vast majority of initial computer vision algorithms aimed at detecting objects required developers to manually program dedicated features. The increase in computational power available in recent years changed the way AI models are created: Features are automatically extracted by training various neural network architectures on raw data. Automatic feature extraction outperformed and replaced the traditional approach of manually programming an object's features.