Karpov's Queen Sacrifices and AI

Chess is not a game. Chess is a well-defined form of computation. You may not be able to work out the answers, but in theory, there must be a solution, a right procedure in any position---John von Neumann The advent of computer chess engines based, such as AlphaZero, LCZero and Stockfish 14 NNUE, provides us with the ability to study optimal play. AI chess algorithms are based on pattern matching, efficient search and data-centric methods rather than rules based. Together with an objective functions based on maximising the probability of winning, we can now see what optimal play and strategies look like. One caveat is the black-box nature of these algorithms and lack of insight into the features that are empirically learned from self play.