BrainNet-MoE: Brain-Inspired Mixture-of-Experts Learning for Neurological Disease Identification

The Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early differentiation between AD and LBD is crucial because they require different treatment approaches, but this is challenging due to significant clinical overlap, heterogeneity, complex pathogenesis, and the rarity of LBD. While recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) demonstrate powerful learning capabilities and offer new hope for accurate diagnosis, existing methods primary focus on designing "neurallevel networks". Our work represents a pioneering effort in modeling systemlevel artificial neural network called BrainNet-MoE for brain modeling and diagnosing. Inspired by the brain's hierarchical organization of bottom-up sensory integration and top-down control, we design a set of disease-specific expert groups to process brain sub-network under different condition, A disease gate mechanism guides the specialization of expert groups, while a transformer layer enables communication between all sub-networks, generating a comprehensive whole-brain representation for downstream disease classification. Experimental results show superior classification accuracy with interpretable insights into how brain sub-networks contribute to different neurodegenerative conditions. Keywords: Brain inspired AI, Mix of Experts, Dementia.