Alternatives to Data Sharing

Data sharing is not always required when firms use information to their advantage. The European Union is positioning data sharing as a central piece of its online economic strategy. For decades, European courts have imposed mandatory data sharing as antitrust remedies. The Magill decision in 1995, IMS in 2004, and Microsoft in 2007, among others, established precedent for data sharing remedies. The data shared in these cases often did not include user data but instead data on dominant companies' processes, structures, and internal documents.