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MIT SMR Connections is the custom content creation unit within MIT Sloan Management Review. In this Q&A, Michelle K. Lee, vice president of the Amazon Web Services (AWS) Machine Learning Solutions Lab, shares real-world examples of machine learning in action, describes four key implementation challenges, and offers other advice. This conversation has been condensed and edited for clarity, length, and editorial style. Q: Can you provide an overview of how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are driving digital transformation? Lee: AI and machine learning went from being aspirational technology to mainstream extremely fast.