Projection: A Mechanism for Human-like Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence

This paper focuses on the first. It encompasses knowledge representation and reasoning, with a focus here on (non-classical) reasoning (a second companion paper will focus on representation). The focus is on the act of reasoning that determines if some data can be seen (or interpreted) as belonging to a particular class, not on long chains of reasoning using diverse knowledge. A significant weakness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems relative to humans is the inability to apply existing knowledge to a new problem, or to a situation that varies from what they were programmed for or trained for (also called transfer ability in some contexts). This causes systems to fail to recognise objects or activities in new settings, or to fail to adapt skills to variations (Davis and Marcus, 2015; Ersen et al., 2017).