Identifying Conditional Causal Effects in MPDAGs

In finding causal effects, researchers may want to know the effect across an entire population, sometimes called a total or unconditional causal effect. For example, does free access to pre-kindergarten (pre-K) improve children's socio-emotional skills throughout elementary school (Moffett et al., 2023)? However, researchers may want to know the effect within subgroups of the population, or a conditional causal effect. For instance, is there a subgroup of children who particularly benefit from free access to pre-K? Our research considers identifying these conditional effects from observational data.