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The best chocolate chip cookie recipe, according to science

Popular Science

Understanding a bit of chemistry can transform your baking skills. The perfect cookie is a matter of taste, but these tips and tricks can help you develop your perfect recipe. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. "Cooking is art--but baking is science," Bill Nye the Science Guy once said . While a batch of freshly baked chocolate chip cookies doesn't resemble anything you'd whip up in a chemistry lab (hopefully), there's plenty of chemistry happening in your oven.


Biscotti once fed Roman navies and Christopher Columbus's expeditions

Popular Science

Biscotti once fed Roman navies and Christopher Columbus's expeditions Long before it met espresso, this crunchy pastry kept sailors fed. Roman writer Pliny the Elder was the first writer to mention biscotti in 77 CE. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. Step into a typical Italian restaurant in the U.S. and you'll likely find "biscotti" on the menu. Typically served with a glass of sweet wine or cappuccino, these log-shaped crunchy cookies are a beloved treat that most of us associate with cozy dinners and Little Italy.


SUGAR: A Sweeter Spot for Generative Unlearning of Many Identities

Nguyen, Dung Thuy, Nguyen, Quang, Robinette, Preston K., Jiang, Eli, Johnson, Taylor T., Leach, Kevin

arXiv.org Artificial Intelligence

Recent advances in 3D-aware generative models have enabled high-fidelity image synthesis of human identities. However, this progress raises urgent questions around user consent and the ability to remove specific individuals from a model's output space. W e address this by introducing SUGAR, a framework for scalable generative unlearning that enables the removal of many identities (simultaneously or sequentially) without retraining the entire model. Rather than projecting unwanted identities to unrealistic outputs or relying on static template faces, SUGAR learns a personalized surrogate latent for each identity, diverting reconstructions to visually coherent alternatives while preserving the model's quality and diversity. W e further introduce a continual utility preservation objective that guards against degradation as more identities are forgotten. SUGAR achieves state-of-the-art performance in removing up to 200 identities, while delivering up to a 700% improvement in retention utility compared to existing baselines.



Building a Macedonian Recipe Dataset: Collection, Parsing, and Comparative Analysis

Sasanski, Darko, Peshevski, Dimitar, Stojanov, Riste, Trajanov, Dimitar

arXiv.org Artificial Intelligence

Computational gastronomy increasingly relies on diverse, high-quality recipe datasets to capture regional culinary traditions. Although there are large-scale collections for major languages, Macedonian recipes remain under-represented in digital research. In this work, we present the first systematic effort to construct a Macedonian recipe dataset through web scraping and structured parsing. We address challenges in processing heterogeneous ingredient descriptions, including unit, quantity, and descriptor normalization. An exploratory analysis of ingredient frequency and co-occurrence patterns, using measures such as Pointwise Mutual Information and Lift score, highlights distinctive ingredient combinations that characterize Macedonian cuisine. The resulting dataset contributes a new resource for studying food culture in underrepresented languages and offers insights into the unique patterns of Macedonian culinary tradition.


SugarTextNet: A Transformer-Based Framework for Detecting Sugar Dating-Related Content on Social Media with Context-Aware Focal Loss

Wang, Lionel Z., Ben, Shihan, Huang, Yulu, Qin, Simeng

arXiv.org Artificial Intelligence

Sugar dating-related content has rapidly proliferated on mainstream social media platforms, giving rise to serious societal and regulatory concerns, including commercialization of intimate relationships and the normalization of transactional relationships. Detecting such content is highly challenging due to the prevalence of subtle euphemisms, ambiguous linguistic cues, and extreme class imbalance in real-world data. In this work, we present SugarT extNet, a novel transformer-based framework specifically designed to identify sugar dating-related posts on social media. SugarT extNet integrates a pretrained transformer encoder, an attention-based cue extractor, and a contextual phrase encoder to capture both salient and nuanced features in user-generated text. T o address class imbalance and enhance minority-class detection, we introduce Context-Aware F ocal Loss, a tailored loss function that combines focal loss scaling with contextual weighting. W e evaluate SugarT extNet on a newly curated, manually annotated dataset of 3,067 Chinese social media posts from Sina W eibo, demonstrating that our approach substantially outperforms traditional machine learning models, deep learning baselines, and large language models across multiple metrics. Comprehensive ablation studies confirm the indispensable role of each component. Our findings highlight the importance of domain-specific, context-aware modeling for sensitive content detection, and provide a robust solution for content moderation in complex, real-world scenarios.


NG-Router: Graph-Supervised Multi-Agent Collaboration for Nutrition Question Answering

Shi, Kaiwen, Zhang, Zheyuan, Yuan, Zhengqing, Murugesan, Keerthiram, Galass, Vincent, Zhang, Chuxu, Ye, Yanfang

arXiv.org Artificial Intelligence

Diet plays a central role in human health, and Nutrition Question Answering (QA) offers a promising path toward personalized dietary guidance and the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases. However, existing methods face two fundamental challenges: the limited reasoning capacity of single-agent systems and the complexity of designing effective multi-agent architectures, as well as contextual overload that hinders accurate decision-making. We introduce Nutritional-Graph Router (NG-Router), a novel framework that formulates nutritional QA as a supervised, knowledge-graph-guided multi-agent collaboration problem. NG-Router integrates agent nodes into heterogeneous knowledge graphs and employs a graph neural network to learn task-aware routing distributions over agents, leveraging soft supervision derived from empirical agent performance. To further address contextual overload, we propose a gradient-based subgraph retrieval mechanism that identifies salient evidence during training, thereby enhancing multi-hop and relational reasoning. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks and backbone models demonstrate that NG-Router consistently outperforms both single-agent and ensemble baselines, offering a principled approach to domain-aware multi-agent reasoning for complex nutritional health tasks.