Automated Vehicles: The Leading Edge of Cyber -- physical Systems

All the above made important contributions to productivity in both manufacturing and the incremental improvement in the average land speed (and comfort) of transportation within the United States. However, none matched, or came close, to the first burst of productivity that the automobile brought to the general economy in terms of freeing people (and business) from geographical constraints caused by horse power (slow ground speed), rail (limited connections), and inland water transportation (physical limitations). In addition, there were secondary productivity effects from the first innovation. For example, in 1900 there were between 100,000 to 200,000 horses in New York City, causing a horse manure crisis.[5] An estimated 20,000 New Yorkers died each year from illnesses related to the pileup of manure and dead horses in the streets.