Biological Organisms as End Effectors

In robotics, an end effector is a device at the end of a robotic arm that is designed to physically interact with objects in the environment or with the environment itself. Effectively, it serves as the hand of the robot, carrying out tasks on behalf of humans. But could we turn this concept on its head and consider using living organisms themselves as end effectors? This paper introduces a novel idea of using whole living organisms as end effectors for robotics. We showcase this by demonstrating that pill bugs and chitons -- types of small, harmless creatures -- can be utilized as functional grippers. Crucially, this method does not harm these creatures, enabling their release back into nature after use. How this concept may be expanded to other organisms and applications is also discussed.