Forceps with direct torque control

INTRODUCTION Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is a modern surgical approach that utilizes advanced techniques and specialized instruments to perform procedures with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. One commonly used tool in MIS is the laparoscopic instrument, which is inserted through small incisions in the body for tissue manipulation or dissection. Conventional laparoscopic forceps use the handle opening angle to control the jaw opening angle. A common limitation of laparoscopic instruments is the ambiguous haptic feedback, which prevents the user from feeling the actual texture or resistance of the tissue being grasped. Surgeons can only guess the amount of applied force through visual cues and proprioception.