The increasing use of large language models (LLMs) in causal discovery as a substitute for human domain experts highlights the need for optimal model selection. This paper presents the first hallucination survey of popular LLMs for causal discovery. We show that hallucinations exist when using LLMs in causal discovery so the choice of LLM is important. We propose using Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) to reduce hallucinations when quality data is available. Additionally, we introduce a novel method employing multiple LLMs with an arbiter in a debate to audit edges in causal graphs, achieving a comparable reduction in hallucinations to RAG.

Causal networks are widely used in many fields to model the complex relationships between variables. A recent approach has sought to construct causal networks by leveraging the wisdom of crowds through the collective participation of humans. While this can yield detailed causal networks that model the underlying phenomena quite well, it requires a large number of individuals with domain understanding. We adopt a different approach: leveraging the causal knowledge that large language models, such as OpenAI's GPT-4, have learned by ingesting massive amounts of literature. Within a dedicated visual analytics interface, called CausalChat, users explore single variables or variable pairs recursively to identify causal relations, latent variables, confounders, and mediators, constructing detailed causal networks through conversation. Each probing interaction is translated into a tailored GPT-4 prompt and the response is conveyed through visual representations which are linked to the generated text for explanations. We demonstrate the functionality of CausalChat across diverse data contexts and conduct user studies involving both domain experts and laypersons.

An artificial intelligence-generated content-enhanced computer-aided diagnosis (AIGC-CAD) model, designated as ThyGPT, has been developed. This model, inspired by the architecture of ChatGPT, could assist radiologists in assessing the risk of thyroid nodules through semantic-level human-machine interaction. A dataset comprising 19,165 thyroid nodule ultrasound cases from Zhejiang Cancer Hospital was assembled to facilitate the training and validation of the model. After training, ThyGPT could automatically evaluate thyroid nodule and engage in effective communication with physicians through human-computer interaction. The performance of ThyGPT was rigorously quantified using established metrics such as the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. The empirical findings revealed that radiologists, when supplemented with ThyGPT, markedly surpassed the diagnostic acumen of their peers utilizing traditional methods as well as the performance of the model in isolation. These findings suggest that AIGC-CAD systems, exemplified by ThyGPT, hold the promise to fundamentally transform the diagnostic workflows of radiologists in forthcoming years.

Causal networks are widely used in many fields, including epidemiology, social science, medicine, and engineering, to model the complex relationships between variables. While it can be convenient to algorithmically infer these models directly from observational data, the resulting networks are often plagued with erroneous edges. Auditing and correcting these networks may require domain expertise frequently unavailable to the analyst. We propose the use of large language models such as ChatGPT as an auditor for causal networks. Our method presents ChatGPT with a causal network, one edge at a time, to produce insights about edge directionality, possible confounders, and mediating variables. We ask ChatGPT to reflect on various aspects of each causal link and we then produce visualizations that summarize these viewpoints for the human analyst to direct the edge, gather more data, or test further hypotheses. We envision a system where large language models, automated causal inference, and the human analyst and domain expert work hand in hand as a team to derive holistic and comprehensive causal models for any given case scenario. This paper presents first results obtained with an emerging prototype.

The recent large-scale generative modeling has attained unprecedented performance especially in producing high-fidelity images driven by text prompts. Text inversion (TI), alongside the text-to-image model backbones, is proposed as an effective technique in personalizing the generation when the prompts contain user-defined, unseen or long-tail concept tokens. Despite that, we find and show that the deployment of TI remains full of "dark-magics" -- to name a few, the harsh requirement of additional datasets, arduous human efforts in the loop and lack of robustness. In this work, we propose a much-enhanced version of TI, dubbed Controllable Textual Inversion (COTI), in resolving all the aforementioned problems and in turn delivering a robust, data-efficient and easy-to-use framework. The core to COTI is a theoretically-guided loss objective instantiated with a comprehensive and novel weighted scoring mechanism, encapsulated by an active-learning paradigm. The extensive results show that COTI significantly outperforms the prior TI-related approaches with a 26.05 decrease in the FID score and a 23.00% boost in the R-precision.