Lead exposure linked to higher risk of engaging in criminal behaviour

The more lead that people are exposed to in childhood or in the uterus, the more likely they are to engage in criminal behaviour as teenagers or adults, according to a review of 17 studies. "The evidence shows an excess risk for criminal behaviour years later," says Maria Jose Talayero at the George Washington University in Washington DC. Lead exposure has fallen in many countries, mainly due to the removal of lead additives from petrol (gasoline). However, there is no safe level – any amount of exposure is thought to be harmful. It is estimated that 1 in 3 children globally have blood lead levels above 5 micrograms per decilitre, which can result in decreased intelligence, behavioural difficulties and learning problems.