Penguins Can Make Cake

Until quite recently, it was taken for granted in AIand cognitive science more broadlythat activity resulted from the creation and execution of plans. In 1985, several researchers, including myself, independently realized that plans and planning are not necessary-or necessarily useful-in activity. Since this time, a number of alternatives have been proposed. This analysis is equally applicable to any other computational problem. Thus, you could conclude that vision is impossible because it requires exponential computation in the number of pixels or that, on the average, business data processing takes exponential work in the number of records.