The Birds Flocking Back to the Fresh Kills Dump

One humid afternoon in July, José Ramírez-Garofalo drove his large Toyota truck through the lush new hills, valleys, and meadows of Freshkills Park, a twenty-two-hundred-acre green space that the city is constructing on Staten Island. Ramírez-Garofalo, a young man with dark hair, large forearms, and the beginnings of a goatee, drove and talked fast. "It's an impermeable geotextile membrane," he said, referring to the thick plastic that was used, starting in the mid-nineties, to cap the four giant trash mounds of the old Fresh Kills landfill. "On top there is playground soil." The process of capping and terraforming the four mounds that once made up the country's largest dump is complete, but the park won't be fully open until at least 2036.