Appendices A Proofs A.1 Proof of Proposition

Here we proved that (1) and (2) are equivalent; (1) and (3) are equivalent. Proposition 3. 14 Lemma 2. Given With the lemma above, we now present the proof of Proposition 3. B.1 Example Implementation We provide an example implementation of Algorithm 2 in Listing 1. 17 1 Based on exponentiation by squaring. Best results are in bold. Based on the observation, Wei et al. Our method identified a different source of gradient vanishing caused by the small coefficients for higher-order terms in DAG constraints.