Designing Artificial Cognitive Architectures: Brain Inspired or Biologically Inspired?

Pursuing the task of intelligent machines design, thinking about their possible architectures, we always look first at the prototypes that the nature has prepared for us so plentiful and generously. Most commonly, the human brain is chosen to be the source of our inspiration. This way of thinking - considering the human brain as the source of our inspiration - was established more than 50 years ago at the Dartmouth college meeting (in summer of 1956), where the concept of Artificial Intelligence has been proclaimed and inaugurated [1]. What is "intelligence" was not defined at the meeting, but it was self understood that human intelligence is what's being meant and the human brain is supposed to be its most probable location. Soon after that, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) toolkit was devised and put in use for AI studies and investigations. The ANN was contrived as a collection of small interconnected computational units (called artificial neurons), which are supposed to imitate the biological neurons of the human brain, and in a greatly simplified form simulate the way in which the brain supposedly performs its duties.