An agent-based simulation model of pedestrian evacuation based on Bayesian Nash Equilibrium

Large public gatherings or crowds are commonplace and have been the subject of simulation research in many studies related to crowd management, disaster management and evacuation planning (Babojelić and Novacko 2020). However, in-depth research on pedestrians has been hindered by difficulties such as complex individual behaviours, different disaster characteristics, and varying environmental factors (Wijermans and Templeton 2022). As evacuee behaviour and movement vary in different scenarios, a number of field observations and simulation experiments have been conducted to explore pedestrian flows, movement patterns and potential factors affecting evacuation under different types of emergencies (Rozo et al. 2019; Feng et al. 2021; Sevtsuk and Kalvo 2022). Despite many simulation studies of pedestrian behaviours, few common behavioural features of pedestrian flows have been explored (Vermuyten et al. 2016; Babojelić and Novacko 2020). One of the main obstacles is the lack of experimental datasets that closely match individual movements during evacuations in the real world.