Heliophysics Discovery Tools for the 21st Century: Data Science and Machine Learning Structures and Recommendations for 2020-2050

We are at a crossroads in the study of Heliophysics. On one hand we operate in the same paradigm that has guided the field over the past couple of decades, ruled by the triumvirate of data, theory, and simulations. On the other hand, we are beginning to recognize that powerful new opportunities for scientific discovery are possible through increased data volume and sophisticated methods to explore these data. The emergence of the hyperconnected digital society and the massive quantities of data it generates has led to new analysis capabilities that scale well to the solar-terrestrial environment. Heliophysics is squarely positioned to benefit from the emerging field of data science [1].