In vitro 2 In vivo : Bidirectional and High-Precision Generation of In Vitro and In Vivo Neuronal Spike Data

Neurons encode information in a binary manner and process complex signals. However, predicting or generating diverse neural activity patterns remains challenging. In vitro and in vivo studies provide distinct advantages, yet no robust computational framework seamlessly integrates both da ta types. We address this by applying the Transformer model, widely used in large - scale language models, to neural data. To handle binary data, we introduced Dice loss, enabling accurate cross - domain neural activity generation. Structural analysis revealed how Dice loss enhances learning and identified key brain regions facilitating high - precision data generation. Our findings support the 3Rs principle in animal research, particularly Replacement, and establish a mathematical framework bridging animal experiments and human clinical studies. This work advances data - driven neuroscience and neural activity modeling, pa ving the way for more ethical and effective experimental methodologies. 2