The goal of AI as a whole is to produce machines that. Hy "act intelligently," we mean to cover a broad range of activities, only some of which are directly humanlike; our machines may eventually he far better at certain intelligence tasks than people are (much as a calculator does ' Authors of t,hc rrpol t. arc as follows: David Waltz, Chairman, IJniversity of Illinois, LJrbana; Michael Genesereth, Stanford IJniversit.y; ' Recausc we have rosearchers primarily from thcsr two areas, in turn because these two areas wci-c specifically select,rd for conrent. Al research are i clutlcd t.o some AI would never produce useful results, and (2) t,he applications themselves have high int,rinsic value. There are in addition a number of companies t.hat, plan t,o introduce or use internally AI products in the near future, including However, the significant, progress cxperiencccl in the last decade demonstrates the feasibilit,y of dealing with natural language in restricted contexts, employing today's coniput,ers. Each of these goals has import arrcc in isolation; pursuing them simultaneously enables progress on each t,o support, progress towards the other.

Editor's note: The AI Magazine is initiating a series of articles Since the 1970's AI research has become very active in China and certain results have been achieved. After that, many university departments awarding majors in computer science were organized. They tried to expand the applications of the computer and to develop theories. Considerable efforts were made for this purpose, but these brought few notable results, as a practical process is too complex to identify. However a veteran worker or a technician often manages somewhat better than a computer in process control.

AT' Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 THE INITIAL RESULTS from a few AI research projects in statistics have been quite interesting to statisticians: Feasibility demonstration systems have been built at Stanford University, AT&T Bell Laboratories, and the University of Edinburgh. Several more design studies have been completed. A conference devoted to expert systems in statistics was sponsored by the Royal Statistical Society. On the other hand, statistics as a domain may be of particular interest to AI researchers, for it offers both tasks well suited to current AI capabilities and tasks requiring development of new AI techniques. Statisticians do a variety of tasks, some of which can now be assisted by expert system techniques.

Abstract, This article presents a summary of ongoing, funded artificial intelligence research at North Carolina State University. The primary focus of the research is engineering aspects of artificial int,clligence. Knowledge-based expert systems (KBES) USC expert knowledge and expert methods to conceptualize and reason for the purpose of deriving decisions and inferences from which problem solutions are obtained. The range of expert systcm applications in engineering extends from interpret,ive problrms, where reasoning about the problem is required in light of the knowledge available in that problem's domain, to generative problems, where potential solutions are generated and tested against candidate solutions defined by sets of applicable constraints. From an engineering perspective, expert systems can be viewed as new tools that will enable current computcraided engineering (CAE) systems to be enhanced or, in appropriate situations, as replacements for these systems and their human users.

Artificial Intelligence Laborato y, Wright-Patterson AFl?, Ohio 45433 Abstract The Air Force Institute of Technology [AFIT] provides master's degree education to Air Force and Army Officers in various engineering fields. It is in a unique position to educate and perform research in the area of applications of artificial intelligence to military problems. Its two AI faculty members are the only military officers with Ph D's in Artificial Intelligence. In the past two years, the artificial intelligence Laboratory of the AFIT has become a major focal point for AI research and applications within the government In this article, we describe our ongoing applications research in the areas of automated cockpit systems, natural language understanding, maintenance expert systems, expert systems for planning, and knowledge based software design. In response to the need for rapid training of engineers in artificial intelligence, AFIT has developed a Master's degree curriculum for AI.

Static knowledge about gait and anatomy is represented in frames and dynamic evaluation strategies are represented in frames and metarules. Initial results are described by Dzierzanowski et al. (Dzierzanowski et al., 1983). We have completed several expert systems for electroencephalogram evaluation (Jagannathan, et al., 1981, 1982) (Bourne et al., A rule-based consultant system has been implemented for advising physicians about the prescription of initial dialysis therapies (Schaffer et al, 1983). This system is now in use at the Dialysis Clinics, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee. This system is now being expanded into a community of simulated consultative experts that provide advice about pharmacology, cardiovascular problems, nutrition and other problems Personnel: J. D. Schaffer, J. Cavaedes, J Bourne This project is devoted to building a complete system that assists the electromyogram [EMG] reader.

In 1984, the former Computer and Communication Sciences Department of the College of Literature, Scicnccs, and the Arts was combined in the College of Engineering with the Electrical Engineering Department. The newly formed Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) is divided into the Computer Science and Engineering Division (CSE) and the Electrical Engineering Division; several faculty mcmbcrs and graduate students in the CSE Division are doing basic Al research. The Center for Robotics and Integrated Manufacturing in the College of Engineering is conducting research and development in robotics and related areas of manufacturing processes. The College of Engineering also has a Humanities Department with faculty working on the role of computers in natural language comprehension and writing. The Psychology Department in the College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts is the administrative center of the TJniversity's Cognitive Scirnccs Program, which involves several faculty working on cognitive psychology and other topics sharing interests with Al.

Research in the area of expert systems has developed from our experience in building consultation programs in a number of application domains (Weiss, Kulikowski, and Safir, 1978; Lindberg et al., 1980; Kulikowski, Weiss, and Galen, 1981; Kulikowski, 1980). The EXPERT system (Weiss and Kulikowski, 1979) is a generalized scheme for building expert reasoning models, exercising them with individual problems, testing and analyzing their performance on large numbers of problem-types, and improving them by knowledge base refinement techniques. The system has been operational on DEC lo/20 computers since 1978; versions also exist on VAX and IBM computers This system has been used by specialists in medicine, biomedical modeling, oil exploration, and chemistry to build models that capture their expertise in problem solving. In 1981 we complet,ed an interesting technology transfer experiment in which a model for the interpretation of serum protein electrophoresis patterns was automatically translated from its EXPERT representation into algorithmic form, and then automatically translated into assembler code for running on a microprocessor (Weiss, KuIikowski, and Galen, 1981). The EXPERT system is unusual among knowledge-based AI systems in that efficiency is a major design goal.

Waltham, Massachusetts GTE LABORATORIES is the central corporate research and development facility for the sixty subsidiaries of the worldwide GTE corporation. Located in the Massachusetts Route 128 high technology area, the five laboratories that comprise GTE Laboratories generate the ideas, products, systems, and services that provide technical leadership for GTE. The two laboratories which conduct artificial intelligence research are the Computer Science Laboratory (CSL) and the Fundamental Research Laboratory (FRL). Artificial Intelligence projects within the CSL are directed towards the research techniques used in expert systems, and their application to GTE products and services. AI projects within FRL have longer-term AI research goals.

General Electric is engaged in a broad range of research and development activities in artificial intelligence, with the dual objectives of improving the productivity of its internal operations and of enhancing future products and services in its aerospace, industrial, aircraft engine, commercial, and service sectors Many of the applications projected for AI within GE will require significant advances in the state of the art in advanced inference, formal logic, and architectures for real-time systems New software tools for creating expert systems are needed to expedite the construction of knowledge bases. Further, new application domains such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and image understanding based on formal logic require novel concepts in knowledge representation and inference beyond the capabilities of current production rule systems Fundamental research in art,ificial intelligence is concentrated at Corporate Research and Development (CR&D), with advanced development and applications pursued in parallel efforts by operating departments The fundamental research and advanced applications activities are strongly coupled, providing research teams with opportunities for field evaluations of new concepts and systems. This article summarizes current research projects at CR&D and gives an overview of applications within the Company. The requirements of this domain exceed the capabilities of current production rule systems; consequently, approximately half of the research program in artificial intelligence is focused on extending the capabilities of current reasoning systems and on more powerful and efficient tools for knowledge representation. To date, expert systems have shown most frequent success in diagnostic applications or on problems with similarly constrained data and results.