AI Researcher, Cognitive Technologist Inventor - AI Thinking, Think Chain Innovator - AIOT, XAI, Autonomous Cars, IIOT Founder Fisheyebox Spatial Computing Savant, Transformative Leader, Industry X.0 Practitioner What's the difference between a knowledge based system and an expert system? KBS/ES Knowledge Bases Automated reasoning engines (Inference engines, theorem provers, classifiers), - "expert system" refers to the type of task the system is trying to assist with – to replace or aid a human expert in a complex task requiring expert knowledge; - "knowledge-based system" refers to the architecture of the system – that it represents knowledge explicitly, rather than as procedural code; While the earliest knowledge-based systems were almost all expert systems, the same tools and architectures can and have since been used for a whole host of other types of systems. Virtually all expert systems are knowledge-based systems, but many knowledge-based systems are not expert systems. Expert systems is going as a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert, solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if-then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The knowledge base represents facts and rules about the world, via KRR formalisms, as ontologies, frames, conceptual graphs or logical assertions.

Fox News correspondent David Spunt has the latest on Congress' response to the failed assassination attempt of Justice Brett Kavanaugh on'Special Report.' Washington Post deputy editorial editor Ruth Marcus wants to make sure people are aware "deranged individuals do deranged things" on "both ends of the political spectrum" before assigning blame for the man who was arrested near the Maryland home of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh. On Wednesday, an armed California man identified as Nicholas John Roske was carrying a gun, knife and pepper spray when arrested outside Kavanaugh's home. He told officers that he wanted "to give his life purpose" and purchased the gun and other items for the purpose of breaking into Kavanaugh's home and killing the justice and then himself. A piece published Thursday night by Marcus headlined, "The Kavanaugh threat exposed weaknesses in judicial security -- and our discourse," admitted the incident "could have ended in unfathomable tragedy" but urged readers not to assign blame or dismiss people who created the environment that "fueled" the assassination attempt.

The ability for machines to reason not just identify patterns in massive data amounts, but make rule or logic based inferences on domain specific knowledge is foundational to Artificial Intelligence. The growing momentum around Neuro-Symbolic AI and the increasing reliance on Graph Analytics demonstrate how important these developments are for the enterprise. Combining AI s symbolic knowledge processing with its statistical branch (typified by machine learning) produces the best prescriptive outcomes, delivers total AI, and is swiftly becoming necessary to tackle enterprise scale applications of mission-critical processes like foretelling equipment failure, optimizing healthcare treatment, and maximizing customer relationships. Their underlying graph capabilities are ideal for applying machine learning s advanced pattern recognition to high-dimensional, non-Euclidian datasets that are too complex for other machine learning types. Organizations get two forms of reasoning in one framework by fusing GNN reasoning capabilities around relationship predictions, entity classifications, and graph clustering, with classic semantic inferencing available in Knowledge Graphs.

Rule sets are highly interpretable logical models in which the predicates for decision are expressed in disjunctive normal form (DNF, OR-of-ANDs), or, equivalently, the overall model comprises an unordered collection of if-then decision rules. In this paper, we consider a submodular optimization based approach for learning rule sets. The learning problem is framed as a subset selection task in which a subset of all possible rules needs to be selected to form an accurate and interpretable rule set. We employ an objective function that exhibits submodularity and thus is amenable to submodular optimization techniques. To overcome the difficulty arose from dealing with the exponential-sized ground set of rules, the subproblem of searching a rule is casted as another subset selection task that asks for a subset of features. We show it is possible to write the induced objective function for the subproblem as a difference of two submodular (DS) functions to make it approximately solvable by DS optimization algorithms. Overall, the proposed approach is simple, scalable, and likely to be benefited from further research on submodular optimization. Experiments on real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Black-box nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models do not allow users to comprehend and sometimes trust the output created by such model. In AI applications, where not only the results but also the decision paths to the results are critical, such black-box AI models are not sufficient. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses this problem and defines a set of AI models that are interpretable by the users. Recently, several number of XAI models have been to address the issues surrounding by lack of interpretability and explainability of black-box models in various application areas such as healthcare, military, energy, financial and industrial domains. Although the concept of XAI has gained great deal of attention recently, its integration into the IoT domain has not yet been fully defined. In this paper, we provide an in-depth and systematic review of recent studies using XAI models in the scope of IoT domain. We categorize the studies according to their methodology and applications areas. In addition, we aim to focus on the challenging problems and open issues and give future directions to guide the developers and researchers for prospective future investigations.

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In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in exploiting logically specified background knowledge in order to obtain neural models (i) with a better performance, (ii) able to learn from less data, and/or (iii) guaranteed to be compliant with the background knowledge itself, e.g., for safety-critical applications. In this survey, we retrace such works and categorize them based on (i) the logical language that they use to express the background knowledge and (ii) the goals that they achieve.

This is roughly similar to the brain of humans and animals. Such a computer system is emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert, relying on two interacting modules: the inference engine and the knowledge base.

In human-aware planning systems, a planning agent might need to explain its plan to a human user when that plan appears to be non-feasible or sub-optimal. A popular approach, called model reconciliation, has been proposed as a way to bring the model of the human user closer to the agent’s model. To do so, the agent provides an explanation that can be used to update the model of human such that the agent’s plan is feasible or optimal to the human user. Existing approaches to solve this problem have been based on automated planning methods and have been limited to classical planning problems only. In this paper, we approach the model reconciliation problem from a different perspective, that of knowledge representation and reasoning, and demonstrate that our approach can be applied not only to classical planning problems but also hybrid systems planning problems with durative actions and events/processes. In particular, we propose a logic-based framework for explanation generation, where given a knowledge base KBa (of an agent) and a knowledge base KBh (of a human user), each encoding their knowledge of a planning problem, and that KBa entails a query q (e.g., that a proposed plan of the agent is valid), the goal is to identify an explanation ε ⊆ KBa such that when it is used to update KBh, then the updated KBh also entails q. More specifically, we make the following contributions in this paper: (1) We formally define the notion of logic-based explanations in the context of model reconciliation problems; (2) We introduce a number of cost functions that can be used to reflect preferences between explanations; (3) We present algorithms to compute explanations for both classical planning and hybrid systems planning problems; and (4) We empirically evaluate their performance on such problems. Our empirical results demonstrate that, on classical planning problems, our approach is faster than the state of the art when the explanations are long or when the size of the knowledge base is small (e.g., the plans to be explained are short). They also demonstrate that our approach is efficient for hybrid systems planning problems. Finally, we evaluate the real-world efficacy of explanations generated by our algorithms through a controlled human user study, where we develop a proof-of-concept visualization system and use it as a medium for explanation communication.

The intelligent robotics community usually organizes knowledge into symbolic and sub-symbolic levels. These two levels establish the set of symbols and rules for manipulating knowledge based on their (symbol system - dictionary). Thus, the correspondences -- Grounding or knowledge representation -- require specific software techniques for anchoring continuous and discrete state variables between these two levels. This paper presents the design and evaluation of an Open Source tool called KANT(Knowledge mAnagemeNT) to let different components of the system architecture controlling the robot query, save, edit, and delete the data from the Knowledge Base without having to worry about the type and the implementation of the source data. Using KANT, components managing subsymbolic information can smoothly interact with symbolic components. Besides, implementation mechanisms used in KANT, such as the use of in-memory and non-SQL databases, improve the performance of the knowledge management systems in ROS middleware, as shown by the evaluations presented in this work.