In this paper, the branches of recursive and recurrent neural networks are classified in detail according to the network structure, training objective function and learning algorithm implementation. They are roughly divided into three categories: The first category is General Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, including Basic Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Long Short Term Memory Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Convolutional Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Differential Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, One-Layer Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, High-Order Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Highway Networks, Multidimensional Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Bidirectional Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks; the second category is Structured Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, including Grid Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Graph Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Temporal Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Lattice Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Hierarchical Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Tree Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks; the third category is Other Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, including Array Long Short Term Memory, Nested and Stacked Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks, Memory Recursive and Recurrent Neural Networks. Various networks cross each other and even rely on each other to form a complex network of relationships. In the context of the development and convergence of various networks, many complex sequence, speech and image problems are solved. After a detailed description of the principle and structure of the above model and model deformation, the research progress and application of each model are described, and finally the recursive and recurrent neural network models are prospected and summarized.

Large language models (LLMs) face persistent challenges when handling long-context tasks, most notably the lost in the middle issue, where information located in the middle of a long input tends to be underutilized. Some existing methods that reduce input have the risk of discarding key information, while others that extend context windows often lead to attention dispersion. To address these limitations, we propose Tree of Agents (TOA), a multi-agent reasoning framework that segments the input into chunks processed by independent agents. Each agent generates its local cognition, then agents dynamically exchange information for collaborative reasoning along tree-structured paths. TOA enables agents to probe different reasoning orders for multi-perspective understanding, effectively mitigating position bias and reducing hallucinations. To improve processing efficiency, we incorporate prefix-hash caching and adaptive pruning strategies, achieving significant performance improvements with comparable API overhead. Experiments show that TOA, powered by compact LLaMA3.1-8B, significantly outperforms multiple baselines and demonstrates comparable performance to the latest and much larger commercial models, such as Gemini1.5-pro, on various long-context tasks. Code is available at https://github.com/Aireduce952/Tree-of-Agents.

The £5.30 orange juice that tells the story of why supermarket prices are sky high There has been more than a bitter twang in the glasses at British breakfast tables. Only five years ago, a typical supermarket own-label carton of orange juice could be bought for 76p for 1 litre. One colleague was outraged to be sent a bill for £9 for a glass of hangover-busting orange juice and lemonade at an unassuming little restaurant in Kent. Asked why so much, she was told that the orange juice - albeit freshly squeezed - accounted for £5.30 of the price. Yet as costs have surged, the taste is changing too, with certain manufacturers substituting oranges for mandarins to cut costs.

The head of global theme park giant Merlin Entertainments says its biggest competition is people choosing to stay at home on their phones and other devices. Fiona Eastwood says a day out at one of its UK attractions - which include Legoland, Thorpe Park and Alton Towers - was the perfect antidote for spiralling screen time. In a wide-ranging BBC Big Boss Interview, the chief executive reflected on challenges in the forthcoming Budget, big brand partnerships, and how its customers were responding to cost-of-living pressures. Eastwood also highlighted the importance of seasonal attractions to its customers - with Halloween now rivalling its summer season in driving profits at some attractions. Having been in the job since February, Eastwood has taken over at a time when her industry is facing challenges from a dip in consumer confidence.

Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. As with the Valley Girl uptalk of the 1980s, or the supposed overuse of the word "like" in the 1990s, vocal fry remains a divisive conversation topic over 10 years on. The term refers to that distinctively creaking or crackly tone heard in the voices of certain individuals or whales . But at least in humans, it's often used while expressing apathy at the end of a word or phrase. Think of celebrities like Aubrey Plaza, Britney Spears, or Kim Kardashian.

OpenAI's CEO, Sam Altman, testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington DC on 8 May. OpenAI's CEO, Sam Altman, testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington DC on 8 May. Company's AI-powered browser built around marquee bot is designed to provide more personalized web experience OpenAI on Tuesday launched an AI-powered web browser built around its marquee chatbot. The browser is designed to provide a more personalized web experience and includes a ChatGPT sidebar that enables users to asks questions about or engage with various aspects of each website they visit, as demonstrated in a video posted alongside the announcement. Atlas is now available globally on Apple's Mac operating system and will soon be made available on Windows, iOS and Android, according to OpenAI's announcement.

New Zealand's critically endangered kākāpō are not showing signs of antibiotic resistance. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. With only 237 birds left in the wild, saving New Zealand's critically endangered kākāpō is one of the small country's major conservation projects. These giant, green camouflage experts are threatened by predators, invasive species, human encroachment, and a debilitating illness colloquially called crusty bum disease (exudative cloacitis). Birds that contract it can become infertile, which puts strain on their already small populations.

The Ukrainian city of Chernihiv is in total blackout following what the authorities describe as a massive assault by Russian missiles and drones, with hundreds of thousands of people affected. Across the wider Chernihiv region, four people are reported to have been killed as residential neighbourhoods were struck in the town of Novhorod-Siverskyi. Ten others were injured, including a 10-year-old girl. The country's most northerly region is the latest to be hit in an intensifying series of attacks on civilian infrastructure as Russia targets energy supplies, the rail network, homes and businesses in its full-scale invasion of Ukraine. I personally heard the drones flying overhead, 55-year-old Oleksandr Babich said.

Salesforce's CEO backtracks after saying Trump should send troops into San Francisco In tech this week: The CEO of the city's largest private employer apologizes, Amazon Web Services' outage and OpenAI's Sora makes waves What I'm watching this week: South Park's caricature of Peter Thiel and his obsession with the antichrist . Read our reporting on the show's inspiration: Thiel's bizarre off-the-record lectures on the subject. And now, let's get into things. The co-founder and CEO of Salesforce, said last week that Donald Trump should make good on his threats to send the US national guard into San Francisco, despite resistance from local leaders. Even Marc Benioff's own public relations manager was aghast at his remarks, according to the New York Times .

Trump henchman's'Nazi texts' emerge as racist message crisis tears through White House Kate and William lead bid to exile Andrew and Fergie from Royal Lodge as public anger grows at his taxpayer-funded luxury: Waleses'can't abide' Prince and are pushing for him to leave, author claims Meghan's hit a trashy new low. JILLIAN MICHAELS: The trans trend is reversing. Now it's time to admit what's really been driving this extremist fad all along Napa tycoon is accused of slamming Rolls Royce into women because he couldn't find a parking spot... now his scandalous divorce secrets are exposed I know why Prince Harry and Andrew were'cut so much slack' by the late Queen - it's to do with her father and sister, reveals ROBERT HARDMAN The Prince Harry interview that left the Royals reeling and resumed the war against them, with even Downing Street forced to issue a statement! Married Congressman had alleged affair with aide... before she set herself on fire: Bombshell revelation as police block release of 911 call and other evidence Trapped on death island: 'Marooned' Russian troops are starving to death and 5,000 have died after being cut off from other Russian forces in Ukraine Apple Martin's music debut is likened to an'off-key, drunken karaoke performance' and proof that'nepotism is killing art' - as she attempts to follow in Coldplay star dad Chris' footsteps Fox News host Jesse Watters stunned as he admits his MOM joined millions protesting Trump at'No Kings' rally RFK Jr's desperate proposition to Cheryl Hines after his sexting fiasco pushed their marriage to the brink'Woke to blame for Louvre robbery': Female museum security chief accused of being a'diversity hire' comes under fire as politicians say heist has made France'the laughing stock of the world' Bombshell twist in Nicole Kidman and Keith Urban's divorce: 'She'd get back with him in a heartbeat,' says insider who's known her for years - as her inner circle reacts to'girlfriend' rumours Bella Hadid under fire over'offensive' social media posts she made as a teenager: 'Should've known better' Ellen Greenberg's parents reveal harrowing final phone call with daughter's ex fiancé after shock suicide ruling The new drug obsessions of the posh'wines and lines' mums: They scoff at cocaine now - but these three vices are the talk of the private school gate: JANA HOCKING Channel your inner John Wayne! 'Tough guy' walk used by western movie heroes makes you appear more powerful When it comes to swagger, nobody does it quite like John Wayne. His distinctive wide-based walk helped solidify his'tough guy' persona that became iconic in his western films.