In this section, we provide more information on the application backgrounds, including the detailed structures of the RAS and VAS, the structures of the simulated advertising system. We also discuss the importance and universality of the IBOO problem in auto-bidding, which acts as the motivation of this work.

Definition (Inconsistencies between Specifically cannot constraint 2 ofthe3, which VAS second advertisers mark Essentially transitions performance R) A/Btest the RAS.

The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Virtual Assistants (VAs) e.g., Google Gemini, ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot, and High-Flyer Deepseek has turned them into convenient interfaces for managing emerging technologies such as Smart Homes, Smart Cars, Electronic Health Records, by means of explicit commands,e.g., prompts, which can be even launched via voice, thus providing a very convenient interface for end-users. However, the proper specification and evaluation of User-Managed Access Control Policies (U-MAPs), the rules issued and managed by end-users to govern access to sensitive data and device functionality - within these VAs presents significant challenges, since such a process is crucial for preventing security vulnerabilities and privacy leaks without impacting user experience. This study provides an initial exploratory investigation on whether current publicly-available VAs can manage U-MAPs effectively across differing scenarios. By conducting unstructured to structured tests, we evaluated the comprehension of such VAs, revealing a lack of understanding in varying U-MAP approaches. Our research not only identifies key limitations, but offers valuable insights into how VAs can be further improved to manage complex authorization rules and adapt to dynamic changes.

Variational inference (VI) is a popular method to estimate statistical and econometric models. The key to VI is the selection of a tractable density to approximate the Bayesian posterior. For large and complex models a common choice is to assume independence between multivariate blocks in a partition of the parameter space. While this simplifies the problem it can reduce accuracy. This paper proposes using vector copulas to capture dependence between the blocks parsimoniously. Tailored multivariate marginals are constructed using learnable cyclically monotone transformations. We call the resulting joint distribution a ``dependent block posterior'' approximation. Vector copula models are suggested that make tractable and flexible variational approximations. They allow for differing marginals, numbers of blocks, block sizes and forms of between block dependence. They also allow for solution of the variational optimization using fast and efficient stochastic gradient methods. The efficacy and versatility of the approach is demonstrated using four different statistical models and 16 datasets which have posteriors that are challenging to approximate. In all cases, our method produces more accurate posterior approximations than benchmark VI methods that either assume block independence or factor-based dependence, at limited additional computational cost.

Voice Assistants (VAs) are popular for simple tasks, but users are often hesitant to use them for complex activities like online shopping. We explored whether the vocal characteristics like the VA's vocal tone, can make VAs perceived as more attractive and trustworthy to users for complex tasks. Our findings show that the tone of the VA voice significantly impacts its perceived attractiveness and trustworthiness. Participants in our experiment were more likely to be attracted to VAs with positive or neutral tones and ultimately trusted the VAs they found more attractive. We conclude that VA's perceived trustworthiness can be enhanced through thoughtful voice design, incorporating a variety of vocal tones.

Despite the astonishing performance of recent Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), these models often generate inaccurate responses. To address this issue, previous studies have focused on mitigating hallucinations by employing contrastive decoding (CD) with augmented images, which amplifies the contrast with the original image. However, these methods have limitations, including reliance on a single augmentation, which is restrictive for certain tasks, as well as the high cost of using external knowledge. In this study, we address these limitations by exploring how to utilize multiple image augmentations. Through extensive experiments, we observed that different augmentations produce varying levels of contrast depending on the task. Based on this observation, we introduce a novel method called VACoDe, Visual Augmented Contrastive Decoding. This method adaptively selects the augmentation with the highest contrast for each task using the proposed softmax distance metric. Our empirical tests show that VACoDe outperforms previous methods and improves output quality in various vision-language tasks. Additionally, VACoDe can be universally applied across different model types and sizes without additional training or the use of external models and data.

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) to cater to different human preferences, learning new skills, and unlearning harmful behavior is an important problem. Search-based methods, such as Best-of-N or Monte-Carlo Tree Search, are performant, but impractical for LLM adaptation due to their high inference cost. On the other hand, using Reinforcement Learning (RL) for adaptation is computationally efficient, but performs worse due to the optimization challenges in co-training the value function and the policy. We present a new framework for reward optimization, Value Augmented Sampling (VAS), that can maximize different reward functions using data sampled from only the initial, frozen LLM. VAS solves for the optimal reward-maximizing policy without co-training the policy and the value function, making the optimization stable, outperforming established baselines, such as PPO and DPO, on standard benchmarks, and achieving comparable results to Best-of-128 with lower inference cost. Unlike existing RL methods that require changing the weights of the LLM, VAS does not require access to the weights of the pre-trained LLM. Thus, it can even adapt LLMs (e.g., ChatGPT), which are available only as APIs. In addition, our algorithm unlocks the new capability of composing several rewards and controlling the extent of each one during deployment time, paving the road ahead for the future of aligned, personalized LLMs.

Image created by Guillermo Calahorra-Candao using ChatGPT. Prompt: "create an image of a person conversing with a virtual voice assistant (just like Alexa, Siri, or Google), while simultaneously wondering if the assistant might actually be human". In an era where technology continuously reshapes our daily interactions, the rise of virtual voice assistants (VAs) like Alexa, Google Home, and Siri represents a significant leap. Originally designed to enhance smartphone usability, these VAs have transcended their initial purpose, finding their way into various consumer devices and altering the user experience landscape. However, despite their widespread integration, a notable reluctance in adopting voice shopping persists, primarily due to concerns regarding safety.

Voice assistants (VAs) are becoming a feature of our everyday life. Yet, the user experience (UX) is often limited, leading to underuse, disengagement, and abandonment. Co-designing interactions for VAs with potential end-users can be useful. Crowdsourcing this process online and anonymously may add value. However, most work has been done in the English-speaking West on dialogue data sets. We must be sensitive to cultural differences in language, social interactions, and attitudes towards technology. Our aims were to explore the value of co-designing VAs in the non-Western context of Japan and demonstrate the necessity of cultural sensitivity. We conducted an online elicitation study (N = 135) where Americans (n = 64) and Japanese people (n = 71) imagined dialogues (N = 282) and activities (N = 73) with future VAs. We discuss the implications for coimagining interactions with future VAs, offer design guidelines for the Japanese and English-speaking US contexts, and suggest opportunities for cultural plurality in VA design and scholarship.

Self-report measures (e.g., Likert scales) are widely used to evaluate subjective health perceptions. Recently, the visual analog scale (VAS), a slider-based scale, has become popular owing to its ability to precisely and easily assess how people feel. These data can be influenced by the response style (RS), a user-dependent systematic tendency that occurs regardless of questionnaire instructions. Despite its importance, especially in between-individual analysis, little attention has been paid to handling the RS in the VAS (denoted as response profile (RP)), as it is mainly used for within-individual monitoring and is less affected by RP. However, VAS measurements often require repeated self-reports of the same questionnaire items, making it difficult to apply conventional methods on a Likert scale. In this study, we developed a novel RP characterization method for various types of repeatedly measured VAS data. This approach involves the modeling of RP as distributional parameters ${\theta}$ through a mixture of RS-like distributions, and addressing the issue of unbalanced data through bootstrap sampling for treating repeated measures. We assessed the effectiveness of the proposed method using simulated pseudo-data and an actual dataset from an empirical study. The assessment of parameter recovery showed that our method accurately estimated the RP parameter ${\theta}$, demonstrating its robustness. Moreover, applying our method to an actual VAS dataset revealed the presence of individual RP heterogeneity, even in repeated VAS measurements, similar to the findings of the Likert scale. Our proposed method enables RP heterogeneity-aware VAS data analysis, similar to Likert-scale data analysis.