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A prime example is single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data (Figure 1).

Forpredictivemodels toprovidereliable guidance indecision making processes, they are often required to be accurate and robust to distribution shifts. Shortcut learning-where a model relies on spurious correlations or shortcuts to predict thetargetlabel-undermines therobustnessproperty,leadingtomodelswithpoor out-of-distribution accuracy despite good in-distribution performance.

Inmicrobiome studies, we may wish to investigate the association between the overall composition of human microbiota, including hundreds of microbial taxa, and multiple host metabolites from aparticular metabolic pathway [3, 4].

Gaussiankernel Theupdatein Eq. (12) becomes