The technology helped them while harvesting the vast majority of their community's food. Apache, Navajo, and Shoshoni (pictured above) are only a few of the Indigenous tribes that utilized cradleboards. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. Indigenous women were technological trailblazers. But while lived experiences and communal histories have long supported this, they routinely fail to receive the credit they deserve .

We introduce the partially observable history process (POHP) formalism for reinforcement learning. POHP centers around the actions and observations of a single agent and abstracts away the presence of other players without reducing them to stochastic processes. Our formalism provides a streamlined interface for designing algorithms that defy categorization as exclusively single or multi-agent, and for developing theory that applies across these domains. We show how the POHP formalism unifies traditional models including the Markov decision process, the Markov game, the extensive-form game, and their partially observable extensions, without introducing burdensome technical machinery or violating the philosophical underpinnings of reinforcement learning. We illustrate the utility of our formalism by concisely exploring observable sequential rationality, re-deriving the extensive-form regret minimization (EFR) algorithm, and examining EFR's theoretical properties in greater generality.

After Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos went on the offensive against the National Enquirer and its parent company AMI, saying they threatened to release intimate photos of himself and his girlfriend, Lauren Sanchez, many in the media lauded the billionaire for his stance and his defense of privacy. Some critics of Amazon, however, found the situation ironic. "I totally disapprove of what the National Enquirer did to Jeff Bezos, I do," Tucker Carlson said regarding the alleged extortion and blackmail attempt. "But, it does raise the question: What is Amazon doing to the rest of us?" "I wish we were a society that left consensual adult sex to the people engaged in them... That's all the reasons why we should value privacy," journalist Glenn Greenwald said on "Tucker Carlson Tonight" before adding that "one of the companies that poses the greatest threat to [privacy] is Amazon." Greenwald, co-founding editor of The Intercept, said Amazon's online marketplace is just a small part of the huge company's operation -- and, in fact, its primary business has contributed heavily to making America a "surveillance state."

Few assets impact a business as much as its staff, yet few tasks are as dreaded by most managers as recruiting and hiring new employees. That intersection of high value and high cost is where the staffing industry fits. It's also where artificial intelligence may be most disruptive. In Westchester, personnel firms range from branches of multinational behemoths to one-person boutiques that specialize not just in recruiting for a given industry but for certain positions in that industry. Typically, full-service firms divide their operations into three areas: temp labor, temp-to-permanent hires, and recruitment for permanent positions.

Mr. Keller joined Tesla in 2016 from chip maker Advanced Micro Devices Inc. to serve as vice president of Autopilot hardware. He assumed control of Autopilot software as well last June, following the departure of Chris Lattner, who left only six months after Tesla hired him away from Apple Inc. "Prior to joining Tesla, Jim's core passion was microprocessor engineering and he's now joining a company where he'll be able to once again focus on this exclusively," Tesla said. Electrek, a blog that closely follows Tesla, earlier reported Mr. Keller's departure. Tesla has had several departures from its senior ranks since the start of last year, including its top sales executive and chief financial officer. The company is struggling to ramp up production of the Model 3, a sedan that is supposed to help make the electric-car producer more mainstream.

Members of a U.S. national security panel are locked in a dispute over a hostile takeover bid for chip giant Qualcomm Inc., QCOM -0.06% pitting officials in the departments of Justice and Defense against Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. In a meeting Tuesday, members of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S., known as CFIUS, debated whether the panel has the right to weigh in on Singapore-based Broadcom Ltd.'s AVGO -1.28% bid of $117 billion for Qualcomm before a deal is struck, according to people briefed on the matter. Qualcomm is a leader in semiconductor technology and the development of standards for 5G, the next generation of wireless technology that could enable self-driving cars and other innovations. Some members are concerned that if Broadcom buys Qualcomm, it could sell parts of the company and hobble American prospects of eclipsing China in the race to develop the technology, the people familiar with the matter said. CFIUS, which can advise the president to block takeovers by foreign companies on national security grounds, is chaired by the Treasury Department and includes members from other agencies, including Justice, Homeland Security, Defense and Energy.

This article summarizes 16 agent strategies that were designed for the 2002 Trading Agent Competition. Agent architects use numerous general-purpose AI techniques, including machine learning, planning, partially observable Markov decision processes, Monte Carlo simulations, and multiagent systems. Ultimately, the most successful agents were primarily heuristic based and domain specific. It would be quite a daunting task to manually monitor prices and make bidding decisions at all web sites currently offering the camera--especially if accessories such as a flash and a tripod are sometimes bundled with the camera and sometimes auctioned separately. However, for the next generation of trading agents, autonomous bidding in simultaneous auctions will be a routine task.

This editorial introduction presents an overview of the robotic resources available to AI educators and provides context for the articles in this special issue. We set the stage by addressing the tradeoffs among a number of established and emerging hardware and software platforms, curricular topics, and robot contests used to motivate and teach undergraduate AI. Yet it is only recently that physically embodied agents have become a viable tool in the undergraduate AI classroom. Examples of the flurry of activity in this area include competitions and exhibitions, the growing options for lowcost robot hardware and software, and a number of recent workshops and symposia. This special issue of AI Magazine grew out of the 2004 AAAI spring symposium on Accessible, Hands-on AI and Robotics Education.

Alphabet Inc.'s GOOGL 0.86% Nest Labs in September announced a doorbell equipped with a Qualcomm Inc. QCOM 0.27% chip, a video camera and facial-recognition software that can send an alert to a Nest mobile app if it sees a familiar face. The market for computer-vision systems is nascent, poised to expand from roughly $1 billion last year to $2.6 billion in 2021, according to International Data Corp. Emerging products such as autonomous vehicles and personal robots portend continuing growth, and Intel Corp. INTC 0.25%, Qualcomm and other chip makers are jockeying to supply the brains to new machines. "These [applications] are edging into viability," said IDC analyst Michael Palma. "Maybe not mass viability, but very, very close."

There's fresh evidence that artificial intelligence software absorbs human biases about race and gender, and it may be due to the very structure of languages. Scientists came to that conclusion after creating a statistical system for scoring the positive and negative connotations associated with words in AI-analyzed texts. A similar system, known as the Implicit Association Test or IAT, has suggested that humans harbor biases about the comparative status of different races, as well as men and women, even though they don't explicitly acknowledge them. Princeton University's Aylin Caliskan and her colleagues adapted the IAT for a textual analysis tool they call the Word-Embedding Association Test, or WEAT. They describe the method, and its application, in research published today by the journal Science.