Spatial graphs are particular graphs for which the nodes are localized in space (e.g., public transport network, molecules, branching biological structures). In this work, we consider the problem of spatial graph reduction, that aims to find a smaller spatial graph (i.e., with less nodes) with the same overall structure as the initial one. In this context, performing the graph reduction while preserving the main topological features of the initial graph is particularly relevant, due to the additional spatial information. Thus, we propose a topological spatial graph coarsening approach based on a new framework that finds a trade-off between the graph reduction and the preservation of the topological characteristics. The coarsening is realized by collapsing short edges. In order to capture the topological information required to calibrate the reduction level, we adapt the construction of classical topological descriptors made for point clouds (the so-called persistent diagrams) to spatial graphs. This construction relies on the introduction of a new filtration called triangle-aware graph filtration. Our coarsening approach is parameter-free and we prove that it is equivariant under rotations, translations and scaling of the initial spatial graph. We evaluate the performances of our method on synthetic and real spatial graphs, and show that it significantly reduces the graph sizes while preserving the relevant topological information.

We introduce BioTrove, the largest publicly accessible dataset designed to advance AI applications in biodiversity. Curated from the iNaturalist platform and vetted to include only research-grade data, BioTrove contains 161.9 million images, offering unprecedented scale and diversity from three primary kingdoms: Animalia (animals), Fungi (fungi), and Plantae (plants), spanning approximately 366.6K species. Each image is annotated with scientific names, taxonomic hierarchies, and common names, providing rich metadata to support accurate AI model development across diverse species and ecosystems.We demonstrate the value of BioTrove by releasing a suite of CLIP models trained using a subset of 40 million captioned images, known as BioTrove-Train. This subset focuses on seven categories within the dataset that are underrepresented in standard image recognition models, selected for their critical role in biodiversity and agriculture: Aves (birds), Arachnida} (spiders/ticks/mites), Insecta (insects), Plantae (plants), Fungi (fungi), Mollusca (snails), and Reptilia (snakes/lizards). To support rigorous assessment, we introduce several new benchmarks and report model accuracy for zero-shot learning across life stages, rare species, confounding species, and multiple taxonomic levels.We anticipate that BioTrove will spur the development of AI models capable of supporting digital tools for pest control, crop monitoring, biodiversity assessment, and environmental conservation. These advancements are crucial for ensuring food security, preserving ecosystems, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. BioTrove is publicly available, easily accessible, and ready for immediate use.

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We demonstrate the value of BioTrove by releasing a suite of CLIP models trained using a subset of 40 million captioned images, known as BioTrove-Train .

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) represents a transformative approach within natural language processing (NLP), combining neural information retrieval with generative language modeling to enhance both contextual accuracy and factual reliability of responses. Unlike conventional Large Language Models (LLMs), which are constrained by static training corpora, RAG-powered systems dynamically integrate domain-specific external knowledge sources, thereby overcoming temporal and disciplinary limitations. In this study, we present the design and evaluation of a RAG-enabled system tailored for Mycophyto, with a focus on advancing agricultural applications related to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi play a critical role in sustainable agriculture by enhancing nutrient acquisition, improving plant resilience under abiotic and biotic stresses, and contributing to soil health. Our system operationalizes a dual-layered strategy: (i) semantic retrieval and augmentation of domain-specific content from agronomy and biotechnology corpora using vector embeddings, and (ii) structured data extraction to capture predefined experimental metadata such as inoculation methods, spore densities, soil parameters, and yield outcomes. This hybrid approach ensures that generated responses are not only semantically aligned but also supported by structured experimental evidence. To support scalability, embeddings are stored in a high-performance vector database, allowing near real-time retrieval from an evolving literature base. Empirical evaluation demonstrates that the proposed pipeline retrieves and synthesizes highly relevant information regarding AMF interactions with crop systems, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The framework underscores the potential of AI-driven knowledge discovery to accelerate agroecological innovation and enhance decision-making in sustainable farming systems.

Try gene edited, meat-like fungi. Using CRISPR, researchers made a protein packed fungi that's easier to stomach. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. It might not seem so obvious when walking past rows of vacuum-sealed Butterball turkeys at the supermarket, but the world is on the brink of a protein shortage . Global demand for animal-based protein is expected to double by 2050 and while plant-based alternatives exist, enthusiasm around them has wavered in recent years .

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Health Medicine Stinky'rotten egg' gas could fight nail infections Don't worry, scientists are working on the odor. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. If you have ever let a container of hardboiled eggs spoil or visited a volcano that is spewing lava and gas, you've likely taken a whiff of hydrogen sulfide. This colorless and flammable gas has a uniquely unpleasant rotten egg smell. However that nasty smell (and the gas it belongs to) could have a new use treating pesky infections.

The power of flowers and fungi is no match for these insects. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. It can turn ants into "zombies," help fictional plumbers grow, and even look like creepy fingers . One newly engineered strain of fungus uses the power of smell to kill Earth's deadliest animal --mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria and dengue, kill thousands of people per year.

'Planet Fungi: A Photographer's Foray' celebrates the beauty and braun of fungi. Gliophorus graminicolor are only found in New Zealand and Australia. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. We have to admit it. They can be beautiful, spooky, downright gory, help fake plumbers grow, and play a crucial part in our planet's ecosystem.