We present the results of cognitive tests on conceptual combinations, performed using specific Large Language Models (LLMs) as test subjects. In the first test, performed with ChatGPT and Gemini, we show that Bell's inequalities are significantly violated, which indicates the presence of 'quantum entanglement' in the tested concepts. In the second test, also performed using ChatGPT and Gemini, we instead identify the presence of 'Bose-Einstein statistics', rather than the intuitively expected 'Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics', in the distribution of the words contained in large-size texts. Interestingly, these findings mirror the results previously obtained in both cognitive tests with human participants and information retrieval tests on large corpora. Taken together, they point to the 'systematic emergence of quantum structures in conceptual-linguistic domains', regardless of whether the cognitive agent is human or artificial. Although LLMs are classified as neural networks for historical reasons, we believe that a more essential form of knowledge organization takes place in the distributive semantic structure of vector spaces built on top of the neural network. It is this meaning-bearing structure that lends itself to a phenomenon of evolutionary convergence between human cognition and language, slowly established through biological evolution, and LLM cognition and language, emerging much more rapidly as a result of self-learning and training. We analyze various aspects and examples that contain evidence supporting the above hypothesis. We also advance a unifying framework that explains the pervasive quantum organization of meaning that we identify.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in enterprise applications, yet their reliability remains limited by hallucinations, i.e., confident but factually incorrect information. Existing detection approaches, such as SelfCheckGPT and MetaQA, primarily target standalone LLMs and do not address the unique challenges of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, where responses must be consistent with retrieved evidence. We therefore present MetaRAG, a metamorphic testing framework for hallucination detection in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. MetaRAG operates in a real-time, unsupervised, black-box setting, requiring neither ground-truth references nor access to model internals, making it suitable for proprietary and high-stakes domains. The framework proceeds in four stages: (1) decompose answers into atomic factoids, (2) generate controlled mutations of each factoid using synonym and antonym substitutions, (3) verify each variant against the retrieved context (synonyms are expected to be entailed and antonyms contradicted), and (4) aggregate penalties for inconsistencies into a response-level hallucination score. Crucially for identity-aware AI, MetaRAG localizes unsupported claims at the factoid span where they occur (e.g., pregnancy-specific precautions, LGBTQ+ refugee rights, or labor eligibility), allowing users to see flagged spans and enabling system designers to configure thresholds and guardrails for identity-sensitive queries. Experiments on a proprietary enterprise dataset illustrate the effectiveness of MetaRAG for detecting hallucinations and enabling trustworthy deployment of RAG-based conversational agents. We also outline a topic-based deployment design that translates MetaRAG's span-level scores into identity-aware safeguards; this design is discussed but not evaluated in our experiments.

We present a geometric framework for understanding Transformer-based language models, drawing an explicit analogy to General Relativity. Queries and keys induce an effective metric on representation space, and attention acts as a discrete connection that implements parallel transport of value vectors across tokens. Stacked layers provide discrete time-slices through which token representations evolve on this curved manifold, while backpropagation plays the role of a least-action principle that shapes loss-minimizing trajectories in parameter space. If this analogy is correct, token embeddings should not traverse straight paths in feature space; instead, their layer-wise steps should bend and reorient as interactions mediated by embedding space curvature. To test this prediction, we design experiments that expose both the presence and the consequences of curvature: (i) we visualize a curvature landscape for a full paragraph, revealing how local turning angles vary across tokens and layers; (ii) we show through simulations that excess counts of sharp/flat angles and longer length-to-chord ratios are not explainable by dimensionality or chance; and (iii) inspired by Einstein's eclipse experiment, we probe deflection under controlled context edits, demonstrating measurable, meaning-consistent bends in embedding trajectories that confirm attention-induced curvature.

Trump stuns 60 Minutes' Norah O'Donnell as he breaks terrifying news about China and Russia nukes Justin Baldoni's bombshell $400M case against Blake Lively and Ryan Reynolds is'formally ended by a judge' Thomas Massie remarries 16 months after losing wife of 31 years... as Trump ally launches sick attack Sex aids and poppers... the sordid discoveries made by royal aides after party Andrew threw for Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell - and the truth about those massages: ROBERT JOBSON I learned the horrifying risks of'miracle' ADHD drugs and stopped taking them... but it was too late George Clooney gives rare insight into life with wife Amal and their twins - as he details his relationship with his kids, lauds his'beautiful' family and brands himself'very lucky' Astonishing new evidence of Atlantis reveals advanced civilization preserved by Ancient Egypt's priests... before disaster hit Three Americans among seven killed when avalanche obliterates Himalayan climbers' base camp Trump's secret plan to deploy US troops to Mexico revealed with drone strikes in the works Jayden Daniels' X-ray results revealed in huge moment for the Commanders' season after QB's horror elbow injury Top Democrat lawmaker becomes international fugitive after she was freed on bail'for stealing thousands from vulnerable man, 83' I won't ever forget what I saw at Andy Cohen's party. He may admit he's hooking up with guys on every dating app but this is the truth about men like him: KENNEDY Ex-CIA spy shares an easy way to tell if someone is lying... and the tactic he uses to strengthen his love life Shohei Ohtani's wife makes rare appearance to celebrate Dodgers star's World Series win Deborra-Lee Furness' bold move after split from Hugh Jackman - and why the actor is not happy about it So many single men are taking this new drug cocktail before dates. The results in the bedroom are startling... as I discovered during one marathon session: JANA HOCKING Devastating impact of Mamdani's election will be FAR WORSE than first thought: Exclusive poll finds America's greatest city facing'historic' population wipeout Moment'knifeman who hurt 11 people in Huntingdon train rampage storms barber shop moments after stabbing 14-year-old boy' Meghan is mocked for her new Christmas recipe... boiled water! Interstellar visitor proves Einstein's theory before making an unexplained shift in its path The interstellar object that continues to baffle scientists has just confirmed one of Albert Einstein's theories, more than a century after it was proposed. Scans of 3I/ATLAS as it reached its closest point to the sun have found that our home star's gravity bent the light coming from the mysterious object, just as Einstein predicted in 1915 in his theory of general relativity .

This work aims to formalize some of the ways scientific concepts are formed in the process of theoretical physics discovery. Since this may at first seem like a task beyond the scope of the exact sciences (natural and formal sciences), we begin by presenting arguments for why scientific concept formation can be formalized. Then, we introduce type theory as a natural and well-suited framework for this formalization. We formalize what we call "ways of discovering new concepts" including concept distinction, property preservation, and concept change, as cognitive typing rules. Next, we apply these cognitive typing rules to two case studies of conceptual discovery in the history of physics: Einstein's reasoning leading to the impossibility of frozen waves, and his conceptual path to the relativity of time. In these historical episodes, we recast what a physicist might informally call "ways of discovering new scientific concepts" as compositional typing rules built from cognitive typing rules - thus formalizing them as scientific discovery mechanisms. Lastly, we computationally model the type-theoretic reconstruction of Einstein's conceptual path to the relativity of time as a program synthesis task.

Science Physics Particle Physics Einstein's handwritten encyclopedia entry could fetch $200,000 The six-page draft attempted to lay out the Theory of Relativity for a general audience. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. The draft of an encyclopedia article written by Albert Einstein explaining his Theory of Relativity is up for auction . Although, you'll need to brush up on your German to read the original copy. The unsigned, six-page document entitled "The Essence of the Theory of Relativity" is an early version of an entry later translated into English and included in volume XVI of 1948 edition of .

Compute optimization using token reduction of LLM prompts is an emerging task in the fields of NLP and next generation, agentic AI. In this white paper, we introduce a novel (patent pending) text representation scheme and a first-of-its-kind word-level semantic compression of paragraphs that can lead to over 90% token reduction, while retaining high semantic similarity to the source text. We explain how this novel compression technique can be lossless and how the detail granularity is controllable. We discuss benchmark results over open source data (i.e. Bram Stoker's Dracula available through Project Gutenberg) and show how our results hold at the paragraph level, across multiple genres and models.

Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. Nothing is permanent--not even the universe itself. At least, that's what current models of physics tell us about the nature of existence. Luckily for humanity, most astrophysicists' estimates don't have the universe's grand finale scheduled for around 10¹¹⁰⁰ years (that's a 1 followed by 1,100 zeros). However, based on new calculations that include the peculiar nature of certain black hole particles, the universe's curtains may fall much sooner than expected--cosmically speaking.

The original version of this story appeared in Quanta Magazine. At the beginning of time and the center of every black hole lies a point of infinite density called a singularity. To explore these enigmas, we take what we know about space, time, gravity, and quantum mechanics and apply it to a place where all of those things simply break down. There is, perhaps, nothing in the universe that challenges the imagination more. Physicists still believe that if they can come up with a coherent explanation for what actually happens in and around singularities, something revelatory will emerge, perhaps a new understanding of what space and time are made of.

The Trump Administration quietly revealed it has futuristic technologies that literally bend time during a speech on'the golden age of American innovation.' The director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Michael Kratsios, declared that the US currently has the ability to'manipulate time and space' and'leave distance annihilated.' Kratsios made the bold statement on Monday during the Endless Frontiers Retreat, a scientific conference in Texas focused on promoting US technological innovations to maintain global competitiveness. The rest of the director's speech touched on American breakthroughs of the past and undoing Biden-era policies that the Trump Administration claims stifled innovation - adding that the regulatory process on new tech has been a burden since the 1970s. Kratsios actually referenced this again at the end of his speech, saying that Americans will soon have the choice to'craft new technologies and give themselves to scientific discoveries that will bend time and space.'