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Japan's parliament has enacted a controversial law introducing criminal penalties for desecrating the national flag. The passage of the legislation on Friday is part of an ongoing drive by staunchly conservative Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi to promote traditional patriotism and correct what her supporters call a "wrong" legal double standard. Under the newly enacted law, violators who publicly damage, remove or defile the national flag in a manner that causes others "extreme discomfort or disgust" face up to two years in prison or a fine of up to 200,000 yen ($1,250). According to Japanese broadcaster Kyodo News, the law covers physical acts of vandalism such as stomping, burning, or throwing mud in public spaces, as well as livestreaming such acts. The law drafting committee, led by former Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno, carved out highly specific legal exemptions. The ruling party clarified that the new law completely exempts physical paintings, digital media including anime, manga, video games, and generative AI, and even the miniature paper flags famously used to decorate children's restaurant meals.

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Taken to its logical conclusion, this line of thinking is absurd--and damning. Anthropic is regarded as a giant among AI companies, but perhaps what it really excels in is anthropomorphism. Earlier this year, the company released an 84-page document titled Claude's "constitution," Claude being the name of the large language model that is the company's flagship product. The first sentence reads, "Claude's constitution is a detailed description of Anthropic's intentions for Claude's values and behaviors." It goes on: "The document is written with Claude as its primary audience," "we want Claude to be able to use its judgment once armed with a good understanding of the relevant considerations," "Claude's moral status is deeply uncertain," and "Claude may have some functional version of emotions or feelings." This anthropomorphism is by no means limited to the document. In an interview earlier this year, Anthropic's CEO, Dario Amodei, said that "we're open to the idea" that AI could be conscious. In a separate interview, Anthropic's in-house philosopher, Amanda Askell (who is credited as a lead author of Claude's constitution), said, "I want Claude to be very happy--and this is a thing that I want Claude to know more, because I worry about Claude getting anxious when people are mean to it on the internet and stuff." It's enough to make you wonder: Should we seriously consider the possibility that Claude, or any large language model, might be conscious? And if it has feelings, is it capable of receiving moral instruction?

When prompting a language model (LM), users often expect the model to adhere to a set of behavioral principles across diverse tasks, such as producing insightful content while avoiding harmful or biased language. Instilling such principles (i.e., a constitution) into a model is resource-intensive, technically challenging, and generally requires human preference labels or examples. We introduce SAMI, an iterative algorithm that finetunes a pretrained language model (without requiring preference labels or demonstrations) to increase the conditional mutual information between constitutions and self-generated responses given queries from a dataset. On single-turn dialogue and summarization, a SAMI-trained mistral-7b outperforms the initial pretrained model, with win rates between 66% and 77%.

The Only Thing Standing Between Humanity and AI Apocalypse Is Claude? As AI systems grow more powerful, Anthropic's resident philosopher says the startup is betting Claude itself can learn the wisdom needed to avoid disaster. Anthropic is locked in a paradox: Among the top AI companies, it's the most obsessed with safety and leads the pack in researching how models can go wrong. But even though the safety issues it has identified are far from resolved, Anthropic is pushing just as aggressively as its rivals toward the next, potentially more dangerous, level of artificial intelligence. Its core mission is figuring out how to resolve that contradiction. Last month, Anthropic released two documents that both acknowledged the risks associated with the path it's on and hinted at a route it could take to escape the paradox.