Biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate, impacting ecosystem services necessary to ensure food, water, and human health and well-being. Understanding the distribution of species and their habitats is crucial for conservation policy planning. However, traditional methods in ecology for species distribution models (SDMs) generally focus either on narrow sets of species or narrow geographical areas and there remain significant knowledge gaps about the distribution of species. A major reason for this is the limited availability of data traditionally used, due to the prohibitive amount of effort and expertise required for traditional field monitoring. The wide availability of remote sensing data and the growing adoption of citizen science tools to collect species observations data at low cost offer an opportunity for improving biodiversity monitoring and enabling the modelling of complex ecosystems. We introduce a novel task for mapping bird species to their habitats by predicting species encounter rates from satellite images, and present SatBird1, a satellite dataset of locations in the USA with labels derived from presence-absence observation data from the citizen science database eBird, considering summer (breeding) and winter seasons. We also provide a dataset in Kenya representing low-data regimes. We additionally provide environmental data and species range maps for each location.

For all authors... (a) Do the main claims made in the abstract and introduction accurately reflect the paper's contributions and scope? While MARL algorithms may be implemented for potentially harmful applications, we do not believe this work uniquely enables such applications. If you ran experiments... (a) Did you include the code, data, and instructions needed to reproduce the main experimental results (either in the supplemental material or as a URL)? [Yes] In the supplemental material (b) Did you specify all the training details (e.g., data splits, hyperparameters, how they were chosen)? If you used crowdsourcing or conducted research with human subjects... (a) Did you include the full text of instructions given to participants and screenshots, if applicable? [N/A] (b) Did you describe any potential participant risks, with links to Institutional Review Board (IRB) approvals, if applicable? [N/A] (c) Did you include the estimated hourly wage paid to participants and the total amount spent on participant compensation? Our allocation proposal network and Q network are illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. Low-level action utility functions and mixing networks are similar to those described in Iqbal et al. [10] with the only 13 difference being a replacement of the RNN layers with standard fully connected layers.

When drawing 1,000 z from the priorp(z)of the latent space learned by PLAS, only4%of the samples are decoded as high-return actions, while inLAPO,45%ofthedecoded actions arehigh-return actions.

Alldatausedispublic.] (b) Did you specify all the training details (e.g., data splits, hyperparameters, how they werechosen)? A.1 TrainingDetails In our experiments, the classifierfθ is a 8-layer MLP with 128 hidden dimensions per layer.

LICD has 577 features and labels. The dataset provides several ML research opportunities; we discuss two demonstration experiments.

Everyattemptwasmade to state the full set of assumptions behind each calculation (e.g., the footnote on page5).

Figure 1: The thick line in (a) indicates minimal pointsofC.Thethicklinein(b)indicatesweakly minimalpointsofC.