Last December in Germany, beautiful twins Amelia and Bianca were born. But, unlike her sister, Bianca's health is perilous. She was born with heart problems, is missing ribs and vertebrae and has only one kidney. She cannot breathe without the help of special medical equipment. The place Bianca calls home for now, Kinderhaus AtemReich in Munich, is the only one of its kind in the country. More typically, hospitals' intensive care units (ICUs) are long-term destinations for children with critical breathing issues.

Next, we examined how segmentation performance varies as a function of underlying disease pathology. The CNN had significantly higher mean Dice scores than at least 1 of the other methods in 16/19 diagnoses and significantly higher than those in both other methods in 5/19 diagnoses (paired 2-tailed t tests, P .05;