'might do even better to make people change to some mor- "intelligent" language. We thus define "understazding" in terms of statements in English The Should the computer store 2he information contained in these statements? SAD SAM program written'by Robert Lindsay at Carnegie Tech in 1960. Mary?" or "Who are Jack's grandchildren?" SAD SAH extracts the meaning "Mary, Tom's sister, went to the meéting," "The sum of two numbers is 96, ané one of the numbers is 16 "One of the numbers is 56" I chose this problem coaaext for a number of reasons"?irst

Information and Control, 7, 1–22, 224–254.

American Documentation 15:196— 204.

In J. A. Fodor and J. J. Katz, The structure of language. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice- Hall, 137-151.

Reprinted in Marvin Minsky (ed), Semantic Information Processing, pp. 354-402, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968.

Reprinted in Marvin Minsky (ed), Semantic Information Processing, pp. 354-402, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968.

Proceedings of the 1963 Fall Joint Computer Conference, Vol 24, pp. 365-387, Baltimore: Spartan Books

In A. C. Hoggatt and F. E. Balderston (Eds.), Symposium on simulation models: Methodology and applications to the behavioral sciences. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing, 111-138.

Article based on Ph.D. dissertation at Carnegie Tech. "... the problem of meaning is of major importance in the study of the nature of intelligence, and that a useful definition of meaning must include not only denotation but connotation and implication as well. To handle these important questions it is necessary to study cognitive organizations which are more complex than those upon which most psychological theories are based. A central question is the storage of large numbers of interrelated propositions in a manner which efficiently uses memory capacity." In E.A. Feigenbaum & J. Feldman (Eds.) Computers and Thought, pp. 217-233. McGraw-Hill, 1963.

E.A. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman (Eds.). Computers and Thought. McGraw-Hill, 1963. This collection includes twenty classic papers by such pioneers as A. M. Turing and Marvin Minsky who were behind the pivotal advances in artificially simulating human thought processes with computers. All Parts are available as downloadable pdf files; most individual chapters are also available separately. COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE. A. M. Turing. CHESS-PLAYING PROGRAMS AND THE PROBLEM OF COMPLEXITY. Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and H.A. Simon. SOME STUDIES IN MACHINE LEARNING USING THE GAME OF CHECKERS. A. L. Samuel. EMPIRICAL EXPLORATIONS WITH THE LOGIC THEORY MACHINE: A CASE STUDY IN HEURISTICS. Allen Newell J.C. Shaw and H.A. Simon. REALIZATION OF A GEOMETRY-THEOREM PROVING MACHINE. H. Gelernter. EMPIRICAL EXPLORATIONS OF THE GEOMETRY-THEOREM PROVING MACHINE. H. Gelernter, J.R. Hansen, and D. W. Loveland. SUMMARY OF A HEURISTIC LINE BALANCING PROCEDURE. Fred M. Tonge. A HEURISTIC PROGRAM THAT SOLVES SYMBOLIC INTEGRATION PROBLEMS IN FRESHMAN CALCULUS. James R. Slagle. BASEBALL: AN AUTOMATIC QUESTION ANSWERER. Green, Bert F. Jr., Alice K. Wolf, Carol Chomsky, and Kenneth Laughery. INFERENTIAL MEMORY AS THE BASIS OF MACHINES WHICH UNDERSTAND NATURAL LANGUAGE. Robert K. Lindsay. PATTERN RECOGNITION BY MACHINE. Oliver G. Selfridge and Ulric Neisser. A PATTERN-RECOGNITION PROGRAM THAT GENERATES, EVALUATES, AND ADJUSTS ITS OWN OPERATORS. Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler. GPS, A PROGRAM THAT SIMULATES HUMAN THOUGHT. Allen Newell and H.A. Simon. THE SIMULATION OF VERBAL LEARNING BEHAVIOR. Edward A. Feigenbaum. PROGRAMMING A MODEL OF HUMAN CONCEPT FORMULATION. Earl B. Hunt and Carl I. Hovland. SIMULATION OF BEHAVIOR IN THE BINARY CHOICE EXPERIMENT Julian Feldman. A MODEL OF THE TRUST INVESTMENT PROCESS. Geoffrey P. E. Clarkson. A COMPUTER MODEL OF ELEMENTARY SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. John T. Gullahorn and Jeanne E. Gullahorn. TOWARD INTELLIGENT MACHINES. Paul Armer. STEPS TOWARD ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. Marvin Minsky. A SELECTED DESCRIPTOR-INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THE LITERATURE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. Marvin Minsky.