Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2025R 2: A LLM B ASED N OVEL-TO-S CREENPLAYG ENER-ATIONF RAMEWORK WITH C AUSALP LOT G RAPHS Zefeng Lin 1, Yi Xiao 1, Zhiqiang Mo 1, Qifan Zhang 1, Jie Wang 2, Jiayang Chen 2, Jiajing Zhang 2, Hui Zhang 1, Zhengyi Liu 3, Xianyong Fang 3, Xiaohua Xu 1 1 University of Science and Technology of China 2 Anhui Jianzhu University 3 Anhui University A BSTRACT Automatically adapting novels into screenplays is important for the TV, film, or opera industries to promote products with low costs. The strong performances of large language models (LLMs) in long-text generation call us to propose a LLM based framework Reader-Rewriter (R 2) for this task. However, there are two fundamental challenges here. First, the LLM hallucinations may cause inconsistent plot extraction and screenplay generation. Second, the causality-embedded plot lines should be effectively extracted for coherent rewriting. Therefore, two corresponding tactics are proposed: 1) A hallucination-aware refinement method (HAR) to iteratively discover and eliminate the affections of hallucinations; and 2) a causal plot-graph construction method (CPC) based on a greedy cycle-breaking algorithm to efficiently construct plot lines with event causalities. Recruiting those efficient techniques, R 2 utilizes two modules to mimic the human screenplay rewriting process: The Reader module adopts a sliding window and CPC to build the causal plot graphs, while the Rewriter module generates first the scene outlines based on the graphs and then the screenplays. HAR is integrated into both modules for accurate inferences of LLMs.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning abilities, making them suitable for complex tasks such as graph computation. Traditional reasoning steps paradigm for graph problems is hindered by unverifiable steps, limited long-term reasoning, and poor generalization to graph variations. To overcome these limitations, we introduce GCoder, a code-based LLM designed to enhance problem-solving in generalized graph computation problems. Our method involves constructing an extensive training dataset, GraphWild, featuring diverse graph formats and algorithms. We employ a multi-stage training process, including Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning from Compiler Feedback (RLCF), to refine model capabilities. For unseen tasks, a hybrid retrieval technique is used to augment performance. Experiments demonstrate that GCoder outperforms GPT-4o, with an average accuracy improvement of 16.42% across various graph computational problems. Furthermore, GCoder efficiently manages large-scale graphs with millions of nodes and diverse input formats, overcoming the limitations of previous models focused on the reasoning steps paradigm. This advancement paves the way for more intuitive and effective graph problem-solving using LLMs. Code and data are available at here: https://github.com/Bklight999/WWW25-GCoder/tree/master.

The "arms race" of Large Language Models (LLMs) demands novel, challenging, and diverse benchmarks to faithfully examine their progresses. We introduce GraphArena, a benchmarking tool designed to evaluate LLMs on graph computational problems using million-scale real-world graphs from diverse scenarios such as knowledge graphs, social networks, and molecular structures. GraphArena offers a suite of 10 computational tasks, encompassing four polynomial-time (e.g., Shortest Distance) and six NP-complete challenges (e.g., Travelling Salesman Problem). It features a rigorous evaluation framework that classifies LLM outputs as correct, suboptimal (feasible but not optimal), or hallucinatory (properly formatted but infeasible). Evaluation of 10 leading LLMs, including GPT-4o and LLaMA3-70B-Instruct, reveals that even top-performing models struggle with larger, more complex graph problems and exhibit hallucination issues. Despite the application of strategies such as chain-of-thought prompting, these issues remain unresolved.

This paper explores existing works of multi-agent systems and identifies challenges that remain inadequately addressed. By leveraging the diverse capabilities and roles of individual agents within a multi-agent system, these systems can tackle complex tasks through collaboration. We discuss optimizing task allocation, fostering robust reasoning through iterative debates, managing complex and layered context information, and enhancing memory management to support the intricate interactions within multi-agent systems. We also explore the potential application of multi-agent systems in blockchain systems to shed light on their future development and application in real-world distributed systems.

Federated Learning (FL) systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where malicious clients submit poisoned models to prevent the global model from converging or plant backdoors to induce the global model to misclassify some samples. Current defense methods fall short in real-world FL systems, as they either rely on impractical prior knowledge or introduce accuracy loss even when no attack happens. Also, these methods do not offer a protocol for verifying the execution, leaving participants doubtful about the correct execution of the mechanism. To address these issues, we propose a novel anomaly detection strategy designed for real-world FL systems. Our approach activates the defense only upon occurrence of attacks, and removes malicious models accurately, without affecting the benign ones. Additionally, our approach incorporates zero-knowledge proofs to ensure the integrity of defense mechanisms. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing the security of FL systems against adversarial attacks.

Language models have been increasingly popular for automatic creativity assessment, generating semantic distances to objectively measure the quality of creative ideas. However, there is currently a lack of an automatic assessment system for evaluating creative ideas in the Chinese language. To address this gap, we developed TransDis, a scoring system using transformer-based language models, capable of providing valid originality (quality) and flexibility (variety) scores for Alternative Uses Task (AUT) responses in Chinese. Study 1 demonstrated that the latent model-rated originality factor, comprised of three transformer-based models, strongly predicted human originality ratings, and the model-rated flexibility strongly correlated with human flexibility ratings as well. Criterion validity analyses indicated that model-rated originality and flexibility positively correlated to other creativity measures, demonstrating similar validity to human ratings. Study 2 & 3 showed that TransDis effectively distinguished participants instructed to provide creative vs. common uses (Study 2) and participants instructed to generate ideas in a flexible vs. persistent way (Study 3). Our findings suggest that TransDis can be a reliable and low-cost tool for measuring idea originality and flexibility in Chinese language, potentially paving the way for automatic creativity assessment in other languages. We offer an open platform to compute originality and flexibility for AUT responses in Chinese and over 50 other languages (https://osf.io/59jv2/).

This paper introduces FedMLSecurity, a benchmark designed to simulate adversarial attacks and corresponding defense mechanisms in Federated Learning (FL). As an integral module of the open-sourced library FedML that facilitates FL algorithm development and performance comparison, FedMLSecurity enhances FedML's capabilities to evaluate security issues and potential remedies in FL. FedMLSecurity comprises two major components: FedMLAttacker that simulates attacks injected during FL training, and FedMLDefender that simulates defensive mechanisms to mitigate the impacts of the attacks. FedMLSecurity is open-sourced and can be customized to a wide range of machine learning models (e.g., Logistic Regression, ResNet, GAN, etc.) and federated optimizers (e.g., FedAVG, FedOPT, FedNOVA, etc.). FedMLSecurity can also be applied to Large Language Models (LLMs) easily, demonstrating its adaptability and applicability in various scenarios.

We explore the use of policy approximation for reducing the computational cost of learning Nash equilibria in multi-agent reinforcement learning scenarios. We propose a new algorithm for zero-sum stochastic games in which each agent simultaneously learns a Nash policy and an entropy-regularized policy. The two policies help each other towards convergence: the former guides the latter to the desired Nash equilibrium, while the latter serves as an efficient approximation of the former. We demonstrate the possibility of using the proposed algorithm to transfer previous training experiences to different environments, enabling the agents to adapt quickly to new tasks. We also provide a dynamic hyper-parameter scheduling scheme for further expedited convergence. Empirical results applied to a number of stochastic games show that the proposed algorithm converges to the Nash equilibrium while exhibiting a major speed-up over existing algorithms.