Synergizing medical imaging and radiotherapy with deep learning - IOPscience

McCarthy et al [1] organized the Dartmouth workshop in 1956 to initiate artificial intelligence (AI) as a research field with a lofty goal to simulate, enhance, or even surpass human intelligence. Given the tremendous potentials and challenges, the excitements and frustrations are equally remarkable. Their interactions lead to alterations of AI springs and winters, through which the AI field has been developed step by step, and elevated to today's level, and we believe that this field will have an even brighter future. Currently, AI is in a new spring, especially its sub-field machine learning (ML) which enjoys rapid development and constant innovations featured by deep neural networks, also known as deep learning. On August 30, 2019, the White House issued a memorandum on the Fiscal Year 2021 Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities [2], underlining that'departments and agencies should prioritize basic and applied research investments that are consistent with the 2019 Executive Order on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence and the eight strategies detailed in the 2019 update of the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan.'