How Much Detail of the Moon Can Your Smartphone Really Capture?

I love this question from Youtuber Marques Brownlee, who goes by MKBHD. He asks: "What is a photo?" Just think about how early black-and-white film cameras worked. You pointed the camera at, say, a tree and pressed a button. This opened the shutter so that light could pass through a lens (or more than one lens) to project an image of the tree onto the film.