Understand these 4 advanced concepts to sound like a machine learning master

This is a sequel to the post I wrote over a year ago about some basic concepts of machine learning. Sometimes sequels are better like Terminator 2 or Wrath of Kahn, but you can't enjoy them unless you've see the first movie. Go read that post and come back. There are many concepts in machine learning that are important to understand in order to be in the know. More importantly, if you're going to implement AI, sell AI, integrate AI, or write about AI, you might want to brush up on these core, yet advanced, concepts to have a good, strong foundation with which to start from.