Artificial intelligence versus clinicians: deep learning studies in medical imaging

Only 31 of 81 studies (38%) stated that further prospective studies or trials were required. Conclusions: Few prospective deep learning studies and randomised trials exist in medical imaging. Most non-randomised trials are not prospective, are at high risk of bias, and deviate from existing reporting standards. Data and code availability are lacking in most studies, and human comparator groups are often small. Future studies should diminish risk of bias, enhance real world clinical relevance, improve reporting and transparency, and appropriately temper conclusions.