What are the challenges of AI in Healthcare?

Supervised deep learning has reached the level of radiologists in 11 out of 14 pathologies. Supervised learning is an automatic learning task consisting in learning a prediction function from annotated examples. For the detection of pleural effusion, AI does as well as the radiologist, but this is not the case for the diagnosis of thoracic hernia. For Pleural Effusion, the annotated data set is 11000 examples compared to 110 examples for hernia. The number of correctly annotated data is one of the determinants of the effectiveness of supervised learning.