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For example, in the 1980s and 1990s one often saw articles confusing AI with rule-based expert systems; in the 2010s, one sees AI being confused with many-layered convolutional neural networks. The field of AI studies the general problem of creating intelligence in machines; it is not a specific technical product arising from research on that problem. For example, it's common to see authors identifying AI with symbolic or logical approaches and contrasting AI with "other approaches" such as neural nets or genetic programming. AI is not an approach, it's a problem. Any approach to the problem counts as a contribution to AI.