Does Brain Hacking Constitute Brain Doping?

The brain is an electric organ, and its 86 billion neurons communicate via pulses of electricity. When a voltage change causes one neuron to "fire," it releases chemicals that trigger voltage changes in connected neurons. The brain's every operation, from automatic functions like maintaining a heartbeat to cognitive processes such as making sense of these words you are reading, can be understood as a flickering pattern of electrical activity, with neurons firing along specific pathways. A researcher at Arizona State University (my alma mater) has discovered how to control robots using the human brain. A controller wears a skullcap outfitted with 128 electrodes wired to a computer.