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AI Magazine 

We describe an approach to intelligent user interfaces, based on the idea of making the computer a collaborator, and an application-independent technology for implementing such interfaces. For us, any interface that is called intelligent should at least be able to answer the six types of questions from users shown in figure 1. Being able to ask and answer these kinds of questions implies a flexible and adaptable division of labor between the human and the computer in the interaction process. Unlike most current interfaces, an intelligent user interface should be able to guide and support you when you make a mistake or if you don't know how to use the system well. What we are suggesting here is a paradigm shift. As an analogy, consider the introduction of the undo button.