A Background

In this section, we provide an overview of blockchain technology and cryptocurrency, laying the groundwork for understanding the subsequent discussions in this paper. Blockchain technology has gained growing attention recently for its strong security features and decentralized structure. It is characterized by a sequence of cryptographically secured blocks that operate on a network of nodes [42]. This design ensures data immutability and verifiability while allowing universal access, enabling participants to interact with the ledger from anywhere at any time. Once recorded on the ledger, transactions become irreversible and are executed securely and transparently, which helps safeguard the integrity of data exchanges. With the support of blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies have surged in popularity as an innovative means of conducting secure digital transactions. Unlike traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies operate without a centralized authority and are managed through decentralized systems. This decentralization maintains participant anonymity, offering robust privacy protection; however, it complicates efforts to identify fraudulent activities within the market.