Overcoming Misleads In Logic Programs by Redefining Negation

Negation as failure and incomplete information in logic programs have been studied by many researchers, mainly because of their role in the foundations of declarative reading of logic programming. This paper gives a review of some of the definitions of the concepts related to of the declarative reading of logic programming. Then, the paper provides a framework to overcome misleads and to solve a misleading case study. The paper begins with reviewing the relevant work of contributions to logic programming emphasizing many concepts such as negation as failure, closed world assumption, incomplete information, and their consequences (Section 2). Then we comment on the standard definitions of the relevant logic programming concepts such as: compound terms, substitution, common instance, facts, rules, reduction, variables quantification, unifier, Most General Unifier (MGU), computation, and structured data (Section 3). Then we briefly discuss the semantics of logic programming. A logic program can have many semantics according the point of view. The common semantics are operational, denotational, and declarative (Section 4).